Biological Sciences

Undergraduate Program and Advising Office
387 Thimann Laboratories
(831) 459-4143
http://biosci.ucsc.edu/

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Lower-Division Courses

3. Concepts in Biology. W
A non-survey course suitable for people who have not had biology. A historical and experimental approach covers five key biological concepts: homeostasis, the integration of structure and function, cell theory, the mechanism of heredity, and evolution. Students cannot receive credit for this course after receiving prior credit for BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, or BIOE 20C. (Formerly Biology 3.) Prerequisite(s): completion of biology placement exam recommended, http://biosci.ucsc.edu/bioplacex.html. B. Marinovic

20B. Development and Physiology. F,W,S
Topics in morphology, physiology, development, genetics, and endocrinology selected to exemplify current issues and perspectives in organismic biology. (Formerly Biology 20B.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A. The Staff

20C. Ecology and Evolution. F,W,S
Introduction to ecology and evolution covering principles of evolution at the molecular, organismal, and population levels. Evolutionary topics include genetic and phenotypic variation, natural selection, adaptation, speciation, and macroevolution. Also covers behavioral, population, and community ecology including applied ecological issues. Completion of biology placement exam recommended, http://biosci.ucsc.edu/bioplacex.html. (Formerly Biology 20C.) The Staff

75. Scientific Diving Certification (2 credits). F,S
Prerequisite for course 161/L, Kelp Forest Ecology, and all research diving performed under the auspices of UCSC or other academic institutions. Course work includes lectures and scuba diving. Topics include subtidal sampling techniques, navigation, low visibility diving, search and recovery, rescues, small boat use, oxygen administration for divers, technical blue water deep diving, physics, and physiology. Apply online at http://www2.ucsc.edu/sci-diving. Students are billed a course materials fee that covers costs for equipment use, materials, and transportation. Prerequisite(s): skill level equal to Advanced Scuba Diver Certification, pass scuba physical, provide own scuba gear, be certified in CPR and First Aid; and interview: pass swim test and scuba skills test. (Formerly Biology 75.) Enrollment limited to 16. The Staff

80N. Biology of Human Health and Nutrition. W
An introduction to the biology of human nutrition and its effects on human health. The course explores how nutrient balance, exercise, and age interact in their effects on human health, fitness, and disease. (Formerly Biology 80N.) (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) J. Thompson

80P. Infectious Diseases and Human Populations. S
An overview of the biology of infectious diseases in human societies including why diseases vary in severity, how human bodies defend themselves, and how public health efforts cope with the problem of rapidly evolving pathogens. (Formerly Biology 80P.) (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) J. Thompson

99. Tutorial. F,W,S
Individual, directed study for undergraduates. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

Upper-Division Courses

107. Ecology. W,S
Focuses on physiological, behavioral, and population ecology, and on linking ecological processes to evolution. It includes basic principles, experimental approaches, concepts of modeling, and applications to ecological problems. (Formerly Biology 150.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. (W) B. Lyon, (S) B. Marinovic

108. Marine Ecology. W
Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology; analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 208. (Formerly Biology 160.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; BIOE 107 or 140 recommended. M. Carr

109. Evolution. F,W
An examination of the history and mechanisms of evolutionary change. Topics include molecular evolution, natural and sexual selection, adaptation, speciation, biogeography, and macroevolution. (Formerly Biology 175.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C, and BIOL 105. (F) G. Pogson, (W) The Staff

112. Ornithology. *
Introduction to the evolution, ecology, behavior, and natural history of birds, using exemplary case histories to illustrate key concepts in evolution, ecology, and behavior. (Formerly Biology 144.) Prerequisite(s): BIOE 107, BIOE 109, BIOE 140, ENVS 24 or ENVS 105. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 112L is required. Enrollment limited to 20. The Staff

112L. Ornithology Field Studies (2 credits). *
Field trips introduce students to field identification skills and field investigation of census, foraging behavior, migration, social behavior, and communication. Examination of specimens in the laboratory will be used to highlight the diversity and taxonomy of birds. Students are billed a materials fee. Some field trips may require students to provide their own transportation. (Formerly Biology 144L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOE 107, BIOE 109, BIOE 140, or ENVS 24 or 105. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 112 is required. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. The Staff

114. Herpetology. *
Lectures introduce students to evolution, development, physiology, behavior, ecology, and life history of reptiles and amphibians. The materials integrate with conceptual and theoretical issues of ecology, evolution, physiology, and behavior. (Formerly Biology 143.) Prerequisite(s): BIOE 107, BIOE 109, BIOE 110, BIOE 140 or ENVS 105. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 114L required. Enrollment limited to 25. Offered in alternate academic years. B. Sinervo

114L. Field Methods in Herpetological Research (2 credits). *
Field trips introduce students to natural history, censusing techniques, physiological ecology, and behavioral analysis of reptiles and amphibians. Laboratories introduce students to techniques for analyzing behavior and physiology. Field studies culminate with a group project in a natural setting. Some field trips may be held on weekends due to weather considerations. Some field trips may require students to provide their own transportation, some transportation will be provided by UCSC. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 143L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOE 107, 109, 110, 140 or ENVS 105. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 114 is required. Offered in alternate academic years. B. Sinervo

117. Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants. S
An examination of the taxonomy and evolution of flowering plants. Special topics include phylogenetics and cladistics, plant species concepts, and modern methods of systematic research. (Formerly Biology 168.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; or ENVS 24. Must be taken concurrently with BIOE 117L. The Staff

117L. Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants Laboratory (2 credits). S
Weekly laboratory concerned primarily with California flora and plant families. Several field trips. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 168L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; or ENVS 24. Must be taken concurrently with BIOE 117. The Staff

120. Marine Botany. S
An introduction to the biology of marine algae, fungi, and angiosperms with regard to form and function. Major boreal, temperate, and tropical marine plant communities. Lecture format. (Formerly Biology 170.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. Must be taken concurrently with BIOE 120L. The Staff

120L. Marine Botany Laboratory (2 credits). S
One laboratory weekly and several field trips. Focuses on marine algae, fungi, and angiosperms. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 170L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. Must be taken concurrently with BIOE 120. Enrollment limited to 20. The Staff

122. Invertebrate Zoology. W
An examination of invertebrates and their habitats. Lecture format. (Formerly Biology 136.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. BIOE 122L must be taken concurrently. Enrollment limited to 96. B. Marinovic

122L. Invertebrate Zoology Laboratory (2 credits). W
An examination of invertebrates and their habitats. Weekly laboratories or field trips. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 136L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. BIOE 122 must be taken concurrently. Enrollment limited to 96. B. Marinovic

124. Marine Plankton. S
Review of morphology, systematics, and natural history of major marine planktonic taxa and evaluation of local plankton forms. Two lecture/lab sessions of three and one-half hours each, and two field trips during the quarter. (Formerly Biology 156.) (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 156. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 124L is required; one of the following recommended as preparation: OCEA 118, 142, or 242; or BIOE 120 or 122. Recommended for upper-division and graduate students. M. Silver

124L. Marine Plankton Laboratory (2 credits). S
Two lab meetings weekly. Concerned primarily with evaluation of local plankton forms. (Formerly Biology 156L.) (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 156L. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 124 is required; one of the following recommended as preparation: OCEA 118, 142, or 242; or BIOE 120, or 122. M. Silver

125. Marine Microbial Ecology. *
The study of marine bacteria and their role in the marine ecosystem. Emphasis on biochemistry and physiology in relation to metabolic activity and elemental cycles, trophic interactions, and flows of material and energy in marine food webs. Exams and term paper required. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Ocean Sciences 218. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 118. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C, and CHEM 1C. J. Zehr

127. Ichthyology. *
An introduction to the biology of jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes—their classification, evolution, form, physiology, and ecology. (Formerly Biology 137.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. BIOE 127L must be taken concurrently. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

127L. Ichthyology Laboratory (2 credits). *
One laboratory session a week and several field trips to study the biology of fish. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 137L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. BIOE 127 must be taken concurrently. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

129. Biology of Marine Mammals. S
A survey of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters, including natural history, systematics, physiology, behavior, anatomy, and conservation. (Formerly Biology 139.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; BIOL 110 is recommended. D. Costa

129L. Biology of Marine Mammals Laboratory (2 credits). S
Covers the basics of marine mammal taxonomy, anatomy, and field methods with an emphasis on local field identification and understanding of local species. Will include field trips to Long Marine Lab, Año Nuevo, and Monterey Bay. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 139L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. Must be taken concurrently with BIOE 129. D. Costa

131. Animal Physiology. W
Principles and concepts underlying the function of tissues and organ systems in animals with emphasis on vertebrate systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOL 130. (Formerly Biology 131.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. The Staff

131L. Animal Physiology Laboratory (2 credits). W
Experiments conducted with primary focus on quantitative physiological principles of organ systems and intact organisms. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 130L. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 131L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 131 is required. Enrollment limited to 25. The Staff

133. Exercise Physiology. *
An advanced-level course concerning physiological and biochemical processes associated with human performance. Emphasis is on the integration of organ systems for exercise. Topics include metabolism and fuel utilization, cardiovascular and respiratory dynamics during activity, and the effects of training. Requires a good understanding of basic physiological function and anatomy. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 233. By interview; permission of instructor required. Must be taken concurrently with BIOE 133L. BIOE 131 recommended as preparation. (Formerly Biology 133.) Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. T. Williams

133L. Exercise Physiology Laboratory (2 credits). *
An introduction to basic measurement techniques used in assessing the physiological response of humans to exercise. Sessions cover oxygen consumption, respiratory rate, and heart rate monitoring during aerobic and anaerobic activity. By interview: permission of instructor required; BIOE 131 recommended as preparation. Must be taken concurrently with BIOE 133. (Formerly Biology 133L.) Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. T. Williams

135. Plant Physiology. S
Cellular and organismal functions important in the life of green plants. (Formerly Biology 166.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A and BIOE 20B; BIOL 100 and BIOL 110 are highly recommended as preparation. L. Goff

140. Behavioral Ecology. F
An introduction to social and reproductive behavior. Emphasis on studies of vertebrates in their natural habitat. Ideas concerning the evolution of social behavior, mating systems, and individual reproductive strategies. Case histories of well-studied animals that illustrate key principles in courtship and mating, parental behavior, and food-getting behavior. (Formerly Biology 140.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. The Staff

141L. Behavioral Ecology Field Course. W
A field-based course introducing students to concepts and methods for studying behavioral ecology in nature. Students will conduct observations and field experiments on various local model organisms including elephant seals, hummingbirds, sparrows, lizards, ants, bees, frogs, and salamanders. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biolgy 145L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOE 107 or BIOE 140 or ENVS 105; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment limited to 25. Offered in alternate academic years. (General Education Code(s): W.) B. Sinervo, B. Lyon

145. Plant Ecology. F
An exploration of the ecology of plant form, function, distribution, abundance, and diversity. Topics include plant adaptations to environmental conditions, life history variation, competition, reproductive ecology, herbivory, and patterns of diversity. Lecture with discussions of original papers and independent field project. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 245. (Formerly Biology 169.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; or ENVS 24. BIOE 107 is recommended. Enrollment limited to 30. I. Parker

145L. Field Methods in Plant Ecology. F
Hands-on exploration of the concepts and techniques of plant ecology. A combination of lab, greenhouse, and field-based exercises (irrespective of weather conditions). Statistical analysis and scientific writing. One required weekend field trip. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 245L. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 169L.) Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; or ENVS 24. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 145 is required. BIOE 107 is recommended. Enrollment limited to 30. (General Education Code(s): W.) I. Parker

147. Community Ecology. S
Develops the major themes of community biology: structure, trophic dynamics, succession, complex interactions among species, herbivory, evolution and coevolution. Uses case histories of well-studied marine and terrestrial systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 247. (Formerly Biology 152.) Prerequisite(s): BIOE 107 or ENVS 24. Enrollment limited to 50. L. Fox

150. Ecological Field Methods. S
Lectures and laboratory computer exercises designed to familiarize students with research methods, study design, statistical approaches, and analysis tools for ecological research. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Environmental Studies 104A. (Formerly Biology 141.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; concurrent enrollment in BIOE 150L is required. BIOE 107, 108, 140, or 147 recommended. Enrollment limited to 25. D. Croll

150L. Ecological Field Methods Laboratory. S
Field-oriented course in the study of animal ecology and behavior. Combines overview of methodologies and approaches to field research with practical field studies. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 141L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; concurrent enrollment in BIOE 150 is required. BIOE 107, 108, 140, or 147 recommended. Enrollment limited to 25. (General Education Code(s): W.) D. Croll

151A. Ecology and Conservation in Practice Supercourse: Ecological Field Methods. *
An intensive, on-site learning experience in terrestrial field ecology and conservation, using the University of California Natural Reserves. Students study advance concepts in ecology, conservation, and field methods for four weeks, then experience total immersion in field research at the UC Natural Reserves. Lectures, field experiments, and computer exercises familiarize students with research methods, study design, statistical approaches, and analytical tools for ecological research. Enrollment by application. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C or ENVS 23, 24, 100; and AMS 7 and 7L. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 151B-C-D or ENVS 109B-C-D is required. Satisfies the senior exit requirement for biological sciences majors and satisfies the senior exit requirement for environmental studies majors by prior approval. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 107, 107L, ENVS 104A or 196A. (Formerly Biology 165A.) (Also offered as Environmental Studies 109A. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment limited to 25. D. Croll, E. Zavaleta

151B. Ecology and Conservation in Practice Supercourse: Ecological Field Methods Laboratory. *
Field-oriented course in ecological research. Combines overview of methodologies and approaches to field research with practical field studies. Students complete field projects in ecology and also learn the natural history of the flora and fauna of California. Students are billed a materials fee. Enrollment by application. Prerequisite(s): Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C or ENVS 23, 24, 100; and AMS 7 and 7L. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 151A-C-D or ENVS 109A-C-D is required. Satisfies the senior exit requirement for biological sciences majors and satisfies the senior exit requirement for environmental studies majors by prior approval. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 150, 150L, ENVS 104A or 196A. (Formerly Biology 165B.) (Also offered as Environmental Studies 109B. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment limited to 25. (General Education Code(s): W.) D. Croll, E. Zavaleta

151C. Ecology and Conservation in Practice Supercourse: Functions and Processes of Terrestrial Ecosystems. *
From lectures and discussion of terrestrial community and ecosystem ecology, students work individually or in small groups to present an idea for a project, review relevant literature, develop a research question/hypothesis, design and perform an experiment, collect and analyze data, and write a report. The instructor evaluates the feasibility of each student's project before it begins. Enrollment by application. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C or ENVS 23, 24, 100; and AMS 7 and 7L. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 151A-B-D or ENVS 109A-B-D is required. Satisfies the senior exit requirement for biological sciences majors and satisfies the senior exit requirement for environmental studies majors by prior approval. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 150, 150L, ENVS 104A or 196A. (Formerly Biology 165C.) (Also offered as Environmental Studies 109C. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment limited to 25. D. Croll, E. Zavaleta

151D. Ecology and Conservation in Practice Supercourse: Conservation in Practice. *
Focuses on current issues in environmental and conservation biology and the emerging field methods used to address them. From field-oriented lectures about current issues in environmental and conservation biology, students pursue research project as individuals and small groups to develop hands-on experience with field skills in conservation research and resource management. Enrollment by application. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C or ENVS 23, 24, 100; and AMS 7 and 7L. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 151A-B-C or ENVS 109A-B-C is required. Satisfies the senior exit requirement for biological sciences majors and satisfies the senior exit requirement for environmental studies majors by prior approval. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOE 150, 150L, ENVS 104A or 196A. (Formerly Biology 165D.) (Also offered as Environmental Studies 109D. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment limited to 25. D. Croll, E. Zavaleta

155. Freshwater Ecology. F
Provides an overview of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that characterize inland waters such as lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands. Also addresses relationships between humans and freshwater, and discusses these challenges in conservation. Prerequisite(s): BIIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. J. Moore

158L. Marine Ecology Laboratory. *
Supervised individual research projects in experimental marine biology. Students carry out a complete research project, including (1) the formation of hypotheses; (2) the design and implementation of experiments; (3) collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; and (4) write-up of an oral presentation. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 160L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOE 108; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. (General Education Code(s): W.) M. Carr, P. Raimondi

159A. Marine Ecology Field Quarter: Marine Ecology with Laboratory. F
Total immersion in marine ecology for very motivated students. Students develop a research project during first five weeks on campus and then spend five weeks of immersion in directed research without distraction in isolated locations off campus (past locations include the Gulf of California in Mexico and Moorea in French Polynesia). Not available through University Extension. No other courses may be taken during this quarter. Students must sign a contract agreeing to standards of behavior outlined in the UCSC Rule Book and by the instructors. Students are billed a materials, transportation (not airfare), and room and board fee. Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology and analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students carry out a complete research project, including the formation of hypotheses; the design and implementation of experiments; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; and the write-up and oral presentation of results. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. BIOE 159A, 159B, 159C, and 159D are equivalent to BIOE 127, 127L, 108, and 158L for major requirements. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; BIOE 159A, 159B, 159C, and 159D must be taken concurrently. (Formerly Biology 162A.) Enrollment limited to 26. Offered in alternate academic years. (General Education Code(s): W.) P. Raimondi

159B. Marine Ecology Field Quarter: Ichthyology with Laboratory. F
An introduction to the biology of jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes—their classification, evolution, form, physiology, and ecology. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. BIOE 159A, 159B, 159C, and 159D are equivalent to BIOE 127, 127L, 108, and 158L for major requirements. BIOE 159A, 159B, 159C, and 159D must be taken concurrently. (Formerly Biology 162B.) Enrollment limited to 26. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

159C. Marine Ecology Field Quarter: Methods in Field Ecology. F
Students learn quantitative methods for field experiments and surveys. Emphasis will be on marine environments, but there will also be exposure to terrestrial systems. This is the lecture component to course 159D. No text is required for this course; instead, readings from the current literature will be assigned. Students are evaluated on written independent field project proposals and class participation. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. BIOE 159A, 159B, 159C, and 159D are equivalent to BIOE 127, 127L, 108, and 158L for major requirements. BIOE 159A, 159B, 159C, and 159D must be taken concurrently. (Formerly Biology 162C.) Enrollment limited to 26. Offered in alternate academic years. P. Raimondi

159D. Marine Ecology Field Quarter: Methods in Field Ecology Laboratory. F
This is laboratory portion of course 159C. Students carry out independent field projects under the supervision of course instructors. All work is done during the 5-6 week off-campus portion of course 159. Students are evaluated on field techniques, the final write-up of their independent field projects, and class participation. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. BIOE 159A, 159B, 159C, and 159D are equivalent to BIOE 127, 127L, 108, and 158L for major requirements. BIOE 159A, 159B, 159C, and 159D must be taken concurrently. (Formerly Biology 162D.) Enrollment limited to 26. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

161. Kelp Forest Ecology. *
Study of organization of kelp forests as models for examining biological communities. The physical and biotic factors responsible for community organization of kelp forests are explored using original literature and data collected in BIOE 161L. Class meets one full morning each week. Prerequisite(s): by interview only; BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C are required. Students must pass the University Research Diving Certification (contact the diving safety officer, Institute of Marine Sciences, for further information). Enrollment restricted to seniors. BIOE 161L must be taken concurrently; BIOE 107, 120/L, 122/L are recommended. (Formerly Biology 161.) Enrollment limited to 24. Offered in alternate academic years. M. Carr, P. Raimondi

161L. Kelp Forest Ecology Laboratory. *
Fieldwork using SCUBA to quantitatively and qualitatively examine the abundance and distribution of organisms in kelp forests, with additional laboratory work. Culminates with a directed individual research project. Class meets one full morning each week. Students are billed a materials fee. Admission by interview. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; BIOE 161 must be taken concurrently; BIOE 107, 120/L, 122/L are recommended. Students must pass the University Research Diving Certification (contact the Diving Safety Officer, Institute of Marine Sciences, for further information). (Formerly Biology 161L.) Enrollment limited to 24. Offered in alternate academic years. (General Education Code(s): W.) M. Carr, P. Raimondi

163. Ecology of Reefs, Mangroves, and Seagrasses. W
Integrated treatment of coral reefs, sea grasses, and mangroves emphasizing interactions and processes through time. Major topics: biological and geological history, biogeography, evolution and ecology of dominant organisms, biodiversity, community and ecosystem ecology, geology, biogeochemistry, global change, human impacts. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 157. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. D. Potts

165. Marine Conservation Biology. F
Initially undertakes an in-depth comparison of the biology and conservation of marine versus terrestrial ecosystems. With this foundation, course examines marine biodiversity loss resulting from overexploitation, habitat loss, species introduction, and pollution, with particular emphasis on the resulting trophic cascades, biodiversity losses, and climate change. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Environmental Studies 120. (Formerly Biology 163.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; OCEA 101 recommended. D. Croll

168. Biological Oceanography. S
Biological description of sea, with emphasis on processes and patterns. Topics include microbial dynamics, phytoplankton and zooplankton production, and ecology of marine food webs. Emphasis placed on understanding how physical, chemical, and geological environment shapes biology and ecology of oceans, including such topics as harmful algal blooms, global estimates of productivity, and effects of humans on environment. Students may not receive credit for this course and Ocean Sciences 230. (Formerly Biology 159.) (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 130. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C; previous course in ocean sciences recommended. Enrollment restricted to juniors (with instructor approval), seniors, graduate students. R. Kudela

170. Molecular Ecology and Evolution.
An introduction to evolution at the molecular level. Topics include neutral theory of evolution, natural selection, molecular clocks, molecular phylogenetics, and biogeography. (Formerly Biology 176.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. Must be taken concurrently with BIOE 170L. Enrollment limited to 75. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

170L. Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory (2 credits).
One laboratory section per week that applies the theory developed in course 170 to computer and laboratory experiments. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Biology 176.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, and BIOE 20C. BIOE 170 must be taken concurrently. Enrollment limited to 75. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

172. Population Genetics. W
Basic population genetics and selected topics will be covered, including genetics of speciation, tempo and mode of evolution, genetics of social behavior, natural selection in human populations, and the impact of molecular studies on evolutionary theory. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 272. (Formerly Biology 107.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C, and BIOL 105. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 172L is required. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson

172L. Population Genetics Laboratory (2 credits). W
A companion course to 172, Population Genetics, that applies the theory developed in that course to related disciplines including conservation biology, ecology, agriculture, and population biology. Original scientific literature relating to the theory developed in course 172 is read, and applied problem sets are solved by the students. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 272L. (Formerly Biology 107L.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C, and BIOL 105. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 172 is required. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson

183F. Undergraduate Research in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (2 credits). F,W,S
Supervised undergraduate research on a project with an ecology and evolutionary biology faculty member for students considering a career based on biological research. Class reviews the philosophy of science, basic statistics, and library searches, and emphasizes how to input data, create graphs, and prepare results for publication, posters, and talks. (Formerly Biology 183F.) Enrollment restricted to junior and senior EEB majors conducting research project with EEB faculty member. The Staff

183L. Undergraduate Research in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. F,W,S
Supervised undergraduate research on a project with an ecology and evolutionary biology faculty member for students considering a career based on biological research. Class reviews the philosophy of science, basic statistics, and library searches, and emphasizes how to input data, create graphs, and prepare results for publication, posters, and talks. (Formerly Biology 183L.) Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; enrollment restricted to junior and senior EEB majors conducting research project with EEB faculty member. (General Education Code(s): W.) The Staff

188. Supervised Teaching and Writing in Biology Courses. W,S
Teaching, writing, and the teaching of writing in associated survey level biology courses. Topics include teaching scientific writing, styles, techniques, research, analysis, and guiding peer reviews, in addition to evaluating, critiquing, and developing written assignments in conjunction with teaching responsibilities. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing requirement. Application required. Enrollment restricted to junior and senior upper-division qualified students meeting application requirements. (Formerly Biology 188A.) (General Education Code(s): W.) J. Thompson

195. Senior Thesis. F,W,S
An individually supervised course, with emphasis on independent research, to culminate in a senior thesis. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

198. Independent Field Study. F,W,S
Provides for individual programs of study (a) by means other than the usual supervision in person, or (b) when the student is doing all or most of the course work off campus. With permission of the department, may be repeated for credit, or two or three courses taken concurrently. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

198F. Independent Field Study (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for two units of independent field study (a) by means other than the usual supervision in person, or (b) when the student is doing all or most of the course work off campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

199. Tutorial. F,W,S
Reading, discussion, written reports, and laboratory research on selected biological topics, using facilities normally available on campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

199F. Tutorial (2 credits). F,W,S
Two-unit Tutorial. Reading, discussion, written reports, and laboratory research on selected biological topics, using facilities normally available on campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

Graduate Courses

200A. Scientific Skills. F
Exposes graduate students to teaching skills, understanding the scientific method, searching and organizing literature, grant proposal and scientific writing, data management and presentation, and scientific speaking. Students are evaluated on their participation and the quality of a written research proposal. (Formerly Biology 250A.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Carr

200B. Advanced Organismal Biology. F
Consists of lectures focusing on pivotal topics in ecology and evolution. Relevant background material is developed followed by a critical analysis of readings from the primary literature. Designed to give graduate (and advanced undergraduate) students direct contact with the major areas of research that are currently at the forefront of organismal biology. (Formerly Biology 250B.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. The Staff

208. Marine Ecology. W
Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology; analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 108. (Formerly Biology 260.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Carr

233. Exercise Physiology. *
Physiological and biochemical processes associated with human performance. Students are expected to be familiar with basic organ physiology, biochemistry, and human anatomy. Focuses on bioenergetics and fuel utilization, cardiovascular and respiratory dynamics during activity, and the effects of training, age, and disease on exercise. Laboratory sessions incorporated into study sections. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 133. Prerequisite(s): by interview; BIOE 131 or 132 recommended as preparation. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. (Formerly Biology 233.) Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. T. Williams

245. Plant Ecology. F
An exploration of the ecology of plant form, function, distribution, abundance, and diversity. Topics include plant adaptations to environmental conditions, life history variation, competition, reproductive ecology, herbivory, and patterns of diversity. Lecture with discussions of original papers and independent field project. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 145. (Formerly Biology 269.) Prerequisite(s): BIOE 107 or ENVS 24 or permission of instructor. Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 245L is required except by permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. I. Parker

245L. Field Methods in Plant Ecology Laboratory. F
Hands-on exploration of the concepts and techniques of plant ecology. A combination of lab, greenhouse, and field-based exercises (irrespective of weather conditions), statistical analysis, and scientific writing. One required weekend field trip. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 145. (Formerly Biology 269L.) Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 245 is required. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 2. I. Parker

247. Community Ecology. S
Develops the major themes of community ecology: structure, trophic dynamics, succession, complex interactions among species, herbivory, evolution, and coevolution. Uses case histories of well-studied marine and terrestrial systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 147. (Formerly Biology 252.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. L. Fox

258L. Experimental Marine Ecology. S
Supervised individual research projects in experimental marine biology. Students carry out a complete research project, including (1) the formation of hypotheses, (2) the design and implementation of experiments, (3) collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and (4) the write-up of an oral presentation. Prerequisite(s): BIOE 208; and interview to assess ability to carry out field project. (Formerly Biology 260L.) Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. M. Carr, P. Raimondi

272. Population Genetics. *
Basic population genetics and selected topics are covered including genetics of speciation, tempo and mode of evolution, genetics of social behavior, natural selection in human populations, and the impact of molecular studies on evolutionary theory. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Biology 172. (Formerly Biology 207.) Concurrent enrollment in BIOE 272L is required. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson

272L. Population Genetics Laboratory (2 credits). *
A companion course to 272, Population Genetics, that applies the theory developed in that course to related disciplines including conservation biology, ecology, agriculture, and population biology. Original scientific literature relating to the theory developed in course 272 is read, and applied problem sets are solved by the students. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 172L. (Formerly Biology 207L.) Must be taken concurrently with BIOE 272. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson

274. Evolutionary Game Theory. *
Reviews static equilibrium concepts, games of incomplete information, and the traditional theory of dynamic games in discrete time. Develops recent evolutionary game models, including replicator and best reply dynamics, and applications to economics, computer science, and biology. Prerequisite(s): upper-division math courses in probability theory are strongly recommended. (Formerly Biology 274.) (Also offered as Computer Science 272 and Economics 272. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) M. Warmuth, B. Sinervo, D. Friedman

279. Evolutionary Ecology. W
Analysis of the ways in which ongoing evolution and coevolution shape the ecological structure and dynamics of populations, species, and species interactions across geographic landscapes. (Formerly Biology 279.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. J. Thompson

281A. Topics in Basic and Applied Marine Ecology. F,W,S
Seminar focusing on concepts in basic and applied ecology. Structure rotates quarterly between graduate student research and readings of journal articles and textbooks. (Formerly Biology 281A.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. M. Carr

281B. Topics in Molecular Evolution (2 credits). F,W,S
A discussion of current research and literature review on the subject of molecular evolution. Primary focus on recent results on molecular phylogenetics and molecular population genetics. (Formerly Biology 281B.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. G. Bernardi

281C. Topics in Physiological Ecology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar focusing on the interaction between physiological constraint and life history options and solutions employed by animals. Topics vary from comparative physiology to ecological theory. Participants are required to present results of their own research or review papers of interest. (Formerly Biology 281C.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. D. Costa

281F. Ecological Research Topics. F,W,S
Intensive research and discussions on plant-animal interactions. All students undertake a research project and meet weekly with the faculty sponsor to monitor progress. The group meets weekly to discuss experimental design and analysis, specific problems related to the students' research, relevant research papers, or manuscripts that the group members are writing. Each student gives a formal presentation of research plans or progress each quarter. (Formerly Biology 281F.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. L. Fox

281J. Topics in Research on Biochemical Ecology. F,W,S
Seminar in which students give critically evaluated presentations regarding current research on selected topics in plant ecology with an emphasis on biochemical ecology. (Formerly Biology 281J.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 12. May be repeated for credit. J. Langenheim

281L. Topics in Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar on selected topics in behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Students are expected to discuss the current literature and present literature reviews, research proposals, and preliminary results from their ongoing research. (Formerly Biology 281L.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. B. Lyon

281M. Freshwater Ecology (2 credits). W,S
Seminar focusing on the ecology of freshwaters. Discussion focuses on recent literature or on student presentations of their own research. (Formerly Biology 281M.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. J. Moore

281N. Topics in Marine Vertebrate Ecology. F,W,S
Seminar on the ecology of marine vertebrates. Topics vary from the factors that explain the distribution of marine predators to island biogeography and the ecosystem effects of introduced vertebrates on islands. (Formerly Biology 281N.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 12. May be repeated for credit. D. Croll

281P. Topics in Plant Population Ecology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar on selected topics in plant ecology and population biology. Students present results from their own research and discuss recent advances from the literature. (Formerly Biology 281P.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission from instructor. Enrollment limited to 12. May be repeated for credit. I. Parker

281Q. Topics in Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. F,W,S
An intensive seminar on selected topics in molecular evolutionary genetics. Students are required to present results from their own research projects, present a critical review paper at least once during the quarter, and submit a written research proposal. (Formerly Biology 281Q.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduate students may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. G. Pogson

281R. Topics in Marine Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar series focusing on fundamental concepts in marine ecology. Emphasis changes quarter to quarter. At least one quarter per year is devoted to discussion of graduate student research. Other quarters involve reading and evaluating current and classic literature on marine ecology and evolutionary biology. (Formerly Biology 281R.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. P. Raimondi

281T. Species Interactions and Coevolution. F,W,S
The genetics and ecological structure of species interactions, and the role of coevolution between species in shaping biodiversity. (Formerly Biology 281T.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 15. May be repeated for credit. J. Thompson

281U. Topics in Invertebrate Biology. F,W,S
An intensive study about concepts, theory, and techniques for graduate students conducting research on the ecology, genetics, evolution, systematics, or biodiversity of marine invertebrates. (Formerly Biology 281U.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; advanced undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 15. May be repeated for credit. D. Potts

281V. Topics in Behavioral Ecology. F,W,S
A discussion of current topics and methods in behavioral ecology and life history evolution. (Formerly Biology 281V.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. B. Sinervo

281W. Topics in Exercise and Environmental Physiology. F,W,S
A weekly seminar discussion on current research and techniques in mammalian exercise and environmental physiology. Areas covered include locomotor physiology, exercise testing and cardiovascular monitoring, and biomechanics. Oral presentation of ongoing research or current literature required from each student. (Formerly Biology 281W.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. T. Williams

286. Experimental Design and Data Analysis. W
Focuses on problems and designs in ecology and population biology. Topics include basic experimental design; exploratory data analysis—from a graphical perspective; hands-on statistics; and graphical theory. Structured around a statistical analysis and graphics computer program to teach students to design their own surveys and experiments and analyze their data correctly. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 186. (Formerly Biology 286.) Prerequisite(s): one course in statistics or by permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 20. P. Raimondi

286L. Experimental Design and Data Analysis Lab (2 credits). W
Required lab that accomplanies Biology 286. Lab will focus on hands-on statistical problem solving, graphical presentations and experimental design issues. (Formerly Biology 286.) Concurrent enrollment in course 286 is required. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 20. P. Raimondi

293. Readings in Ecology and Evolution (2 credits). W,S
Weekly readings and discussions of recent research papers in ecology, evolution, and related topics from organismal biology. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

294. Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Seminar (no credit). F,W,S
Selected topics of current interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists presented by weekly guest speakers. (Formerly Biology 294.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. The Staff

295. Advanced Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Seminar (no credit). F,W,S
Course consists of extended weekly meetings organized around an advanced theme in theoretical or applied evolutionary biology, ecology, physiology, behavior, or other aspect of oranismal biology. Course is targeted at students who already have reached a professional level of expertise in their field and advanced master students. (Formerly Biology 295.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 24. The Staff

297. Independent Study. F,W,S
Independent study for graduate students who have not yet settled on a research area for their thesis. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff

299. Thesis Research. F,W,S
Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff

Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology

Lower-Division Courses

15. Undergraduate Research Reports (1 credit). F,W,S
Undergraduate students who work in faculty research laboratories present the results of their projects. Organized by the Minority Undergraduate Research Program and the Minority Access to Research Careers Program. Designed for students with membership in the above-mentioned programs. Prerequisite(s): qualifications as determined by instructor at first class meeting. May be repeated for credit. (S) A. Zahler, (FW) B. Bowman

20A. Cell and Molecular Biology. F,W,S
Introduction to molecular biology, cell physiology, and genetics. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 21A. Prerequisite(s): CHEM 1B; completion of biology placement exam recommended, http://biosci.ucsc.edu/bioplacex.html; enrollment restricted to first-year students, sophomores, and juniors. (General Education Code(s): IN.) The Staff

20L. Experimental Biology Laboratory (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides biology majors with the theory and practice of experimental biology. A wide range of concepts and techniques used in the modern laboratory are included in the exercises. Designed to satisfy the introductory biology lab requirement of many medical and professional schools. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A and previous or concurrent enrollment in BIOE 20B. Enrollment restricted to health sciences and biochemistry and molecular biology majors; other majors by permission. Enrollment limited to 20. The Staff

21L. Environmental Phage Genomics Laboratory (2 credits). F,W,S
Introduction to hypothesis-driven laboratory research. Students isolate and characterize both the structure and genome of a unique bacteriophage. Students gain experience in basic sterile technique, solution, manipulation of DNA, and bioinformatic analysis of a new genome. Enrollment restricted to first-year students and sophomores. Enrollment by online application and permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 14. May be repeated for credit. G. Hartzog, M. Ares

80A. Female Physiology and Gynecology. F,S
Biochemical, medical, social, and clinical aspects of the female body. Emphasis will be on biological-chemical interactions in the female organs. Topics include female anatomy, cell physiology, endocrine functions, sexuality and intimacy, sexually transmitted diseases, puberty, pregnancy, menopause, birth control, abortion, immunity, cancer. (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) M. Zavanelli

80E. Evolution. *
Introduction to Darwinian evolution including how the theory was devised and a discussion of other theories proposed at the time. Explores the facts and evidence of evolutionary processes and the insights they provide in biological diversity, consequences of extinction, and emergence of new diseases. Includes a discussion of evolution and spirituality. (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) M. Zavanelli

80H. The Human Genome. F,S
Course will focus on understanding human genes. Accessible to non-science majors. Will cover principles of human inheritance and techniques used in gene analysis. The evolutionary, social, ethical, and legal issues associated with knowledge of the human genome will be discussed. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 80H. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) The Staff, M. Ares, W. Rothwell

80J. Biology of AIDS. W
An overview of the biology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the social and legal issues that surround it are explored in a series of lectures by biology faculty and experts in the field. (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) M. Zavanelli

80R. Introduction to Philosophy of Biology. *
Introduction to core philosophical issues in the biological sciences. Covers such conceptual issues as the nature of evolutionary theory; choosing the unit of selection; the relationship between evolution and development; whether all biological phenomena are reducible to genes; and the definition of adaptions, and how to identify them. (Also offered as Philosophy 80R. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) (General Education Code(s): T6-Natural Sciences or Humanities and Arts.) The Staff

89. Clinical Health Care: Organization and Financing. F
Introduces students to the principles of health care organizations, including how they are paid for, and examines social constructions of health care in the U.S. Key concepts include access, quality of care, and cultural competence; also features hands-on research. Recommended for health science majors and community studies majors focusing on health. Cannot receive credit for this course and course 89W. (General Education Code(s): IS.) A. Steiner

89W. Clinical Health Care: Organization and Financing. *
Introduces students to the principles of health care organizations, including how they are paid for, and examines social constructions of health care in the U.S. Key concepts include access, quality of care, and cultural competence; also features hands-on research. Recommended for health science majors and community studies majors focusing on health. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 89. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; enrollment by permission of instructor at first class meeting. Enrollment limited to 25. (General Education Code(s): IS, W.) A. Steiner

Upper-Division Courses

100. Biochemistry. F,S
An introduction to biochemistry including biochemical molecules, protein structure and function, membranes, bioenergetics, and regulation of biosynthesis. Provides students with basic essentials of modern biochemistry and the background needed for upper-division biology courses. Students who plan to do advanced work in biochemistry and molecular biology should take the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100 series directly. Students cannot receive credit for this course after they have completed any two courses from the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, 100B, and 100C sequence with grades of Pass, C, or better. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A and BIOE 20B; and CHEM 108A or 112A. (F) B. Bowman, (S) M. Dalbey

100L. Biochemistry Laboratory. F
Basic techniques and principles of laboratory biochemistry including isolation and characterization of a natural product, manipulation of proteins and nucleic acids to demonstrate basic physical and chemical properties; and characterization of enzyme substrate interactions. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): previous or concurrent enrollment in BIOL 100; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. (General Education Code(s): W.) The Staff

105. Genetics. F,W,S
Mendelian and molecular genetics; mechanisms of heredity, mutation, recombination, and gene action. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A. (F) R. Kamakaka, (W) M. Dalbey, (S) S. Strome

105L. Eukaryotic Genetics Laboratory. F,W,S
Classical and newly developed molecular-genetic techniques used to explore genetic variation in wild populations of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Topics include Mendelian fundamentals, mapping, design of genetic screens, bio-informatic and database analysis, genetic enhancers, and population genetics. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 105; BIOL 100 or BIOC 100A recommended; satisfaction of Entry Level Writing and Composition Requirements. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors non-majors by permission of instructor. (General Education Code(s): W.) J. Lee

105M. Microbial Genetics Laboratory. *
Exploration of basic genetics processes such as replication, mutation, DNA repair, recombination, gene exchange, population genetics, and evolution using microbial model organisms; classic techniques in microbial genetics and contemporary molecular techniques presented. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite: BIOL 105; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors; other majors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 16. (General Education Code(s): W.) M. Dalbey

109L. Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory. F
The powerful genetic and molecular techniques available for yeast combined with the complete genomic DNA sequence offers opportunity for discovery of fundamental aspects of eukaryotic life. Lab providing practical experience in using yeast as an experimental system. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 105; BIOL 115 strongly recommended; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 15. (General Education Code(s): W.) R. Kamakaka

110. Cell Biology. F,S
Covers the structure, organization, and function of eukaryotic cells. Topics include biological membranes, organelles, protein and vesicular trafficking, cellular interactions, the cytoskeleton, and signal transduction. Requires a good understanding of basic biochemistry and molecular biology. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 100 or BIOC 100A. (F) L. Hinck, (S) M. Rexach

110L. Cell Biology Laboratory. W
Fundamental aspects of cell biology explored through experimentation in a modern laboratory setting. Research topics include the structure and function of biological membranes; intracellular transport and organelle biogenesis; the cell cycle; and the cytoskeleton. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 100 or BIOC 100A; previous or concurrent enrollment in course 110; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affilitated majors, non-majors by permission. Enrollment limited to 16. (General Education Code(s): W.) M. Rexach

111. Immunology. W
Immune systems—their manifestations and mechanisms of action. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOL 105, and BIOL 110. M. Zuñiga

111L. Immunology Laboratory. S
Techniques of current immunology applicable to both cellular and humoral mechanisms. (Formerly course 123L.) Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 111. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors. M. Zuñiga

113. Mammalian Endocrinology. S
Introduction to the major endocrine organs, their hormones, and their receptors. Emphasis is on the following topics: structural analysis of the hormones and receptors at the protein and molecular level, regulation of expression of hormones and their receptors, and the biological functions of hormones. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 100 or BIOC 100A. L. Ogren

114. Cancer Cell Biology. S
Focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind cancer. Topics covered include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell growth genes, checkpoint genes, telomeres, and apoptosis. Students will gain experience in reading the primary scientific literature. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 110 or 115. A. Zahler

115. Eukaryotic Molecular Biology. W,S
Covers eukaryotic gene and genome organization; DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis; regulation of gene expression; chromosome structure and organization; and the application of recombinant DNA technology to the study of these topics. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 100 or BIOC 100A, and BIOL 105. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. (W) M. Jurica, (S) H. Boeger

115L. Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
Laboratory. W,S
A laboratory designed to provide students with direct training in basic molecular techniques. Each laboratory is a separate module which together builds to allow cloning, isolation, and identification of a nucleic acid sequence from scratch. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 187L or 287L. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 100 or BIOC 100A; previous or concurrent enrollment in course 115; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission. Enrollment limited to 20. (General Education Code(s): W.) M. Zavanelli

118. Biology of Disease. W
Primary objective is to provide an understanding of disease processes in humans. Integrates normal physiology and pathophysiology with the molecular and physiologic bases of diseases. Major emphasis on the physiological, molecular, and biochemical basis of diseases, with particular emphasis on the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, immune, and central nervous systems. Also addresses environmental risk factors in the etiology of diseases. Overviews provided, but covers selective topics considered most important in depth. (Also offered as Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology 138. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A and BIOE 20B or equivalent and BIOL 110. BIOL 130 is recommended. Offered in alternate academic years. M. Camps

119. Microbiology. F,W
Cell and molecular biology of bacteria and their viruses, including applications in medicine, public health, agriculture, and biotechnology. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 100 or BIOC 100A. (F) C. Saltikov, (W) F. Yildiz

119L. Microbiology Laboratory. F,W,S
An introduction to the principles and practices of laboratory microbiology, with a substantial presentation of optical microscopy. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): previous or concurrent enrollment in BIOL 119 is required; satisfaction of Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. (General Education Code(s): W.) The Staff

120. Development. W
A description and analysis of selected developmental events in the life cycle of animals. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms are emphasized. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 100 or BIOC 100A, and BIOL 105. J. Lee

120L. Development Laboratory. W
Experimental studies of animal development using a variety of locally obtainable organisms. Approximately eight hours weekly, but it will often be necessary to monitor continuing experiments throughout the week. Previous or concurrent enrollment in course 120 required. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 100 or BIOC 100A and BIOL 110. Previous or concurrent enrollment in BIOL 120 required. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. J. Lee

122. Cellular and Organismal Toxicology. W
Emphases of biochemical, cellular, and organ system basis of intoxication, including dose-response relationships, biotransformation of toxicants, biochemical mechanisms underlying toxicity, factors influencing toxic action, and biomarkers of exposure. Emphasizes effects of various classes of toxins, including heavy metals and persistent synthetic organics, with a focus on susceptible biochemical/cellular processes of the central nervous, immune, hepatic, and renal target organ systems. Designed for advanced undergraduates. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 202. (Also offered as Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology 102. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B or equivalent; BIOL 100 and 110 are recommended. Enrollment restricted to juniors and seniors. The Staff

125. Introduction to Neuroscience. F
The structure and function of the nervous system. Topics include elementary electrical principles, biophysics and physiology of single nerve and muscle cells, signal transduction at synapses, development of the nervous system, and neural basis of behavior. Requires a good understanding of basic biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 100. Concurrent enrollment in BIOL 105 or 110 is encouraged. B. Chen

126. Advanced Molecular Neuroscience. W
Explores in detail cellular and molecular events that underlay the function of the nervous system. Topics include neural development, axon guidance and regeneration, advanced electrical principles (synaptic transmission through a variety of receptors), synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, as well as several neural disorders. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 125. Y. Zuo

127. Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Disease. S
Focuses on cellular and molecular processes that underlie neurodegenerative diseases. Includes lectures, student oral presentations, discussions, a term paper, and exams. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 105 and 125. W. Saxton

130. Human Physiology. F,W
Function, organization, and regulation of the major organ systems of humans, with emphasis on integration among systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 131. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOL 100, and BIOL 110. L. Ogren

130L. Human Physiology Laboratory (2 credits). F,W
Examines fundamental principles of systemic physiology focusing on the human. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 131L. Students are billed a materials fee. (General Education Code(s): W satisfied by taking this course and course 189.) Prerequisite(s):satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOL100, and BIOL 110. Previous or concurrent enrollment in BIOL130 is required. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors. L. Ogren

135. Human Functional Anatomy. S
Study of structure and function of the human body through lectures with an evolutionary perspective including regional anatomy and body systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Anthropology 207. (Also offered as Anthropology 107. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A and BIOE 20B; or ANTH 1. Concurrent enrollment in BIOL 135L is required. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. N. Dominy

135L. Human Functional Anatomy Laboratory. S
Study of structure and function of the human body using dissection, comparative vertebrate anatomy, anatomical models, and computer-assisted instruction. Students are billed a $60.00 materials fee. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Anthropology 207L. (Also offered as Anthropology 107L. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A and BIOE 20B. Concurrent enrollment in BIOL 135 is required. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. N. Dominy

178. Stem Cell Biology. W
Basic concepts, experimental approaches, and therapeutic potential are discussed. Students gain experience in reading the primary scientific literature. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 178. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 110; BIOL 115 recommended. C. Forsberg

179. Biotechnology and Drug Development. W
Recommended for students interested in careers in the biopharmaceutical industry. Focuses on recombinant DNA technology and the drug-development process, including discovery research; preclinical testing; clinical trials; and regulatory review, as well as manufacturing and production considerations. Students may not receive credit for this course and Biomolecular Engineering 255. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 155. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A and BIOL 100 or BIOC 100A. Enrollment limited to 15. P. Berman

180. Research Programming for Biologists and Biochemists. W
No programming experience required, but basic computer skills assumed. Students without prior programming experience taught basic proficiency in Perl, BioPerl, and other Perl libraries needed to analyze, transform, and publish biological data. Students required to solve a research problem as a final project. Lectures and labs are shared with Biomolecular Engineering 60. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Biomolecular Engineering 60. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 160. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A or BIOL 21A. Concurrent enrollment in BIOL 180L is required. J. Stuart

180L. Research Programming for Biologists and Biochemists Laboratory (1 credit). W
Laboratory sequence illustrating topics covered in course 160. One two-hour laboratory per week. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Biomolecular Engineering 60L. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 160L. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A or BIOL 21A. Concurrent enrollment in BIOL 180 is required. J. Stuart

181. Computational Biology Tools. W,S
Hands-on laboratory geared to teach basic tools used in computational biology (motif searching, primer selection, sequence comparison, multiple sequence alignment, genefinders, phylogenetics analysis, X-ray crystallography software). Web- and Unix-based tools/databases are used. Open to all science students; no prior Unix experience required. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 110. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): BIOE 20B and CHEM 1C. Enrollment limited to 25. D. Gerloff

186F. Undergraduate Research in MCD Biology (2 credits). F,W,S
Supervised undergraduate research in laboratory of an MCD biology faculty member accompanied by weekly lectures on ethical and practical scientific issues. Topics include laboratory safety; the scientific method; the collection, treatment, and presentation of data; critical evaluation of scientific literature; scientific misconduct; and peer review. Career issues, including how to apply for admission to graduate and professional schools, also discussed. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A and BIOE 20B; at least one of BIOL 100, BIOL 105, or BIOC 100A; and permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

186L. Undergraduate Research in MCD Biology. F,W,S
Supervised undergraduate research in laboratory of an MCD biology faculty member accompanied by weekly lectures on ethical and practical scientific issues. Topics include laboratory safety; the scientific method; the collection, treatment, and presentation of data; critical evaluation of scientific literature; scientific misconduct; and peer review. Career issues, including how to apply for admission to graduate and professional schools, also discussed. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Entry-Level Writing and Composition requirements; courses BIOL 20A and BIOE 20B; at least one of BIOL 100, BIOL 105, or BIOC 100A; and permission of instructor. (General Education Code(s): W.) The Staff

187L. Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory. F
An intensive molecular biology laboratory that presents procedures used in molecular and biotechnology research. Topics and procedures include DNA/RNA isolation, cloning and library construction, southern and northern hybridization, DNA fingerprinting, PCR, manual and automated sequencing, and computer methods for analyzing molecular data. New procedures currently being developed in biotechnology industries are presented by industry representatives. Students cannot receive credit for this course and BIOL 116L or BIOL 287L. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20A, BIOE 20B, BIOE 20C, BIOL 100, and BIOL 110. Enrollment limited to 20. M. Zavanelli

189. Health Sciences Internship. F,W,S
Structured off-campus learning experience providing hands-on experience and pre-professional mentoring in a variety of health-related settings. Interns are trained and supervised by a professional at their placement and receive academic guidance from their faculty sponsor. Students spend 10–12 hours per week at their placement, participate in weekly discussion meetings on campus, keep a reflective journal, and submit a final paper. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20L; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; students interview with health sciences internship coordinator; applications are due one quarter in advance to the Health Sciences Internship Office. Enrollment restricted to health sciences majors. (General Education Code(s): W satisfied by taking this course and BIOL 130L.) (W) M. Zuniga, (FS) G. Hartzog

189F. Health Sciences Internship (2 credits). F,W,S
Structured off-campus learning experience providing hands-on experience and pre-professional mentoring in a variety of health-related settings. Interns are trained and supervised by a professional at their placement, and receive academic guidance from their faculty sponsor. Students spend six hours per week at their placement, keep a reflective journal, and submit a final paper. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 20L; students interview with health sciences internship coordinator. Applications due one quarter in advance to the Health Sciences Internship Office. May be repeated for credit. J. Tamkun, G. Hartzog

190. Senior Seminar (2 credits). S
Satisfies the senior exit requirement for all biological sciences majors. The Staff

191. Teaching College Biology. F,W,S
Course designed to provide undergraduates at the upper-division level with an opportunity to participate in planning and teaching college-level biology. May not be repeated for credit. The Staff

195. Senior Thesis Research. F,W,S
An individually supervised course, with emphasis on independent research, to culminate in a senior thesis. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

198. Independent Field Study. F,W,S
Provides for individual programs of study (a) by means other than the usual supervision in person, or (b) when the student is doing all or most of the course work off campus. With permission of the department, may be repeated for credit, or two or three courses taken concurrently. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

198F. Independent Field Study (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for two units of independent field study (a) by means other than the usual supervision in person, or (b) when the student is doing all or most of the course work off campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

199. Tutorial. F,W,S
Reading, discussion, written reports, and laboratory research on selected biological topics, using facilities normally available on campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

199F. Tutorial (2 credits). F,W,S
Two-unit Tutorial. Reading, discussion, written reports, and laboratory research on selected biological topics, using facilities normally available on campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

Graduate Courses

200A. Critical Analysis of Genetics and Molecular Biology. F
An analysis of selected topics in the primary research literature including conditional lethality, classical fine structure genetics, the coding problem, control of operon expression, phage lambda, and developmental genetics. Enrollment by permission of instructor. (Formerly Advanced Genetics) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. W. Saxton

200B. Advanced Molecular Biology. W
An in-depth coverage of the structure, function, and synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Discussion of the roles of macromolecules in the regulation of information in the cell. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 200A. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. The Staff

200C. Advanced Cell Biology. S
An in-depth coverage of topics in cellular and subcellular organization, structure, and function in plants and animals. Emphasis on current research problems. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 200B. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. D. Kellogg

201. RNA Processing. *
An advanced graduate-level course on biological aspects of RNA function and processing in eukaryotes. Lectures and discussions will be developed using the current literature. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 200B or permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 15. M. Ares

202. Cellular and Organismal Toxicology. *
Emphasizes biochemical, cellular, and organ system basis of intoxication, including dose-response relationships, biotransformation of toxicants, biochemical mechanisms underlying toxicity, factors influencing toxic action, and biomarkers of exposure. Emphasizes effects of various classes of toxins, including heavy metals and persistent synthetic organics, with a focus on susceptible biochemical/cellular processes of the central nervous, immune, hepatic, and renal target organ systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology 102 or BIOL 122. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 202. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. D. Smith

203. Ribosomes and Translation. *
Covers the field of ribosome research in depth, including the structure and function of ribosomes and the molecular mechanisms of protein synthesis. Begins with historical review of the ribosome field and proceeds to the most recent findings. Focus is on central questions: (1) How is the accuracy of the aminoacyl-tRNA selection determined? (2) What is "accommodation"? (3) What is the mechanism of peptide bond formation (peptidyl transferase)? (4) What is the mechanism of translocation? (5) What are the mechanistic roles of the ribosome and translation factor EF-G in translocation? (6) To what extent is the mechanism of translation determined by RNA? (7) Why is RNA so well suited for the ribosome? (8) How did translation evolve from an RNA world? Prerequisite(s): BIOC 100A,BIOL 200B or permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. H. Noller

204. Chromatin. *
Eukaryotic DNA is complexed with histones to form chromatin. This course focuses on the ways in which chromatin influences and is manipulated to regulate gene expression. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 105 and BIOL 115; undergrads by permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 15. Offered in alternate academic years. J. Tamkun, G. Hartzog

205. Epigenetics. S
In-depth coverage of epigenetics focusing on how alterations in chromatin structure and DNA methylation establish and maintain heritable states of gene expression. Lectures are supplemented with critical discussion of recent publications. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 105 and BIOL 115, or permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 20. S. Strome, J. Tamkun

206. Introduction to Stem Cell Biology. *
Fundamental issues and experimental approaches of stem cell biology research. Course divides into three sections: basic principles, experimental approaches, and emerging areas of research. Topics covered include stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, the microenvironment, epigenetics, cell cycle regulation, as well as how basic research translates to medical therapeutics. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. W. Sullivan

206L. Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology. S
Provides students with hands-on experience in embryonic stem cell culture methods. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. D. Feldheim

208. Cellular Signaling Mechanisms. *
All eukaryotic cells utilize intricate signaling pathways to control such diverse events as cell-cell communication, cell division, and changes in cell morphology. This course covers the molecular basis of these cellular signaling pathways, focusing on the most current research. Prerequisite(s): BIOL 105, BIOL 110, and BIOL 115. Enrollment restricted to seniors and graduate students. Enrollment limited to 15. Offered in alternate academic years. D. Kellogg

210. Experimental Systems Biology. F
Topics include, but are not limited to, microarray production techniques, experimental strategies using microarrays, extraction and analysis of microarray data, DNA and protein arrays, SNP analysis, gene expression analysis, materials analysis, and advanced analysis of data using bioinformatic techniques. (Formerly Application and Analysis of Microarrays.) (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 210. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment limited to graduate students; undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. The Staff