Biological Sciences

http://www.biology.ucsc.edu
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
A308 Earth and Marine Sciences
(831) 459-5358

Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology
225 Sinsheimer Laboratories
(831) 459-4986

Undergraduate Advising
230 Sinsheimer
(831) 459-4143
http://www.biology.ucsc.edu/ug

Lower-Division Courses

3. Concepts in Biology. W
A non-survey course suitable for people who have not had biology. A historical and experimental approach covers five key biological concepts: homeostasis, the integration of structure and function, cell theory, the mechanism of heredity, and evolution. Students cannot receive credit for this course after receiving prior credit for course 20A, 20B, or 20C. Prerequisite(s): completion of biology placement exam. B. Marinovic

15. Undergraduate Research Reports (1 credit). F,W,S
Undergraduate students who work in faculty research laboratories present the results of their projects. Organized by the Minority Undergraduate Research Program and the Minority Access to Research Careers Program. Designed for students with membership in the above-mentioned programs. Prerequisite(s): qualifications as determined by instructor at first class meeting. May be repeated for credit. B. Bowman, (W) A. Zahler

20A. Cell and Molecular Biology. W,S
Introduction to molecular biology, cell physiology, and genetics. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 21A. Prerequisite(s): course 3 or a passing score on the biology placement exam, and Chemistry 1B. (General Education Code(s): IN.) (W) B. Bowman, (S) M. Dalbey

20B. Development and Physiology. F,S
Topics in morphology, physiology, development, genetics, and endocrinology selected to exemplify current issues and perspectives in organismic biology. Prerequisite(s): course 20A. (F) L. Taiz, (F) D. Costa, (S) I. Parker, (S) T. Williams

20C. Ecology and Evolution. F,W
Introduction to ecology and evolution covering principles of evolution at the molecular, organismal, and population levels. Evolutionary topics include genetic and phenotypic variation, natural selection, adaptation, speciation, and macroevolution. Also covers behavioral, population, and community ecology including applied ecological issues. Prerequisite(s): passing score on Biology Placement Exam or course 3. (F) B. Marinovic, (F) G. Pogson, (W) The Staff, (W) G. Bernardi

20L. Experimental Biology Laboratory (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides biology majors with the theory and practice of experimental biology. A wide range of concepts and techniques used in the modern laboratory are included in the exercises. Designed to satisfy the introductory biology lab requirement of many medical and professional schools. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 20A and previous or concurrent enrollment in 20B. Enrollment restricted to health sciences and biochemistry and molecular biology majors; other majors by permission. Enrollment limited to 20. The Staff

42. Student-Directed Seminar. F,W,S
Seminars taught by upper-division students under faculty supervision. (See course 192.) The Staff

70. Introduction to Psychobiology. F
Brain sciences, behavior of animals and humans in the laboratory and field; the evolution of social behavior through natural selection. Topics include research techniques, neural mechanisms, sensory-motor processes, sensory systems, learning, biological rhythms, energy regulation. (General Education Code(s): IN.) M. Zavanelli, E. Switkes

75. Scientific Diving Certification (2 credits). F,S
Prerequisite for course 161/L, Kelp Forest Ecology, and all research diving performed under the auspices of UCSC or other academic institutions. Course work includes lectures and scuba diving. Topics include subtidal sampling techniques, navigation, low visibility diving, search and recovery, rescues, small boat use, oxygen administration for divers, technical blue water deep diving, physics, and physiology. Pick up application in room A414 EMS during preceding quarter. Students are billed a course materials fee that covers costs for equipment use, materials, and transportation. Prerequisite(s): skill level equal to Advanced Scuba Diver Certification, pass scuba physical, provide own scuba gear, be certified in CPR and First Aid; and interview: pass swim test and scuba skills test. Enrollment limited to 16. The Staff

80A. Female Physiology and Gynecology. F,S
Biochemical, medical, social, and clinical aspects of the female body. Emphasis will be on biological-chemical interactions in the female organs. Topics include female anatomy, cell physiology, endocrine functions, sexuality and intimacy, sexually transmitted diseases, puberty, pregnancy, menopause, birth control, abortion, immunity, cancer. (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) (F) J. Thompson, (S) M. Zavanelli

80E. Evolution. F
Introduction to Darwinian evolution including how the theory was devised and a discussion of other theories proposed at the time. Explores the facts and evidence of evolutionary processes and the insights they provide in biological diversity, consequences of extinction, and emergence of new diseases. Includes a discussion of evolution and spirituality. (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) M. Zavanelli

80H. The Human Genome. F,W,S
Course will focus on understanding human genes. Accessible to non-science majors. Will cover principles of human inheritance and techniques used in gene analysis. The evolutionary, social, ethical, and legal issues associated with knowledge of the human genome will be discussed. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 80H. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) W. Rothwell, M. Ares

80J. Biology of AIDS. W
An overview of the biology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the social and legal issues that surround it are explored in a series of lectures by biology faculty and experts in the field. (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) M. Zavanelli

80L. The Secret Sex Lives of Plants. F
The long, tortuous, and sometimes comic history of the discovery of sexuality in plants, from Aristotle to Sprengel and Hofmeister, is examined as a case study of the cultural, religious, and psychological barriers that can operate to impede scientific understanding. (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) L. Taiz

80N. Biology of Human Health and Nutrition. W
An introduction to the biology of human nutrition and its effects on human health. The course explores how nutrient balance, exercise, and age interact in their effects on human health, fitness, and disease. (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) J. Thompson

80P. Infectious Diseases and Human Populations. S
An overview of the biology of infectious diseases in human societies including why diseases vary in severity, how human bodies defend themselves, and how public health efforts cope with the problem of rapidly evolving pathogens. (General Education Code(s): T2-Natural Sciences.) J. Thompson

80R. Introduction to Philosophy of Biology. W
Introduction to core philosophical issues in the biological sciences. Covers such conceptual issues as the nature of evolutionary theory; choosing the unit of selection; the relationship between evolution and development; whether all biological phenomena are reducible to genes; and the definition of adaptions, and how to identify them. (Also offered as Philosophy 80R. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) (General Education Code(s): T6-Natural Sciences or Humanities and Arts.) The Staff

89. Clinical Health Care: Organization and Financing. F,S
Introduces students to the principles of health care organizations, including how they are paid for, and examines social constructions of health care in the U.S. Key concepts include access, quality of care, and cultural competence; also features hands-on research. Recommended for health science majors and community studies majors focusing on health. Cannot receive credit for this course and course 89W. (General Education Code(s): IS.) A. Steiner

89W. Clinical Health Care: Organization and Financing. F,S
Introduces students to the principles of health care organizations, including how they are paid for, and examines social constructions of health care in the U.S. Key concepts include access, quality of care, and cultural competence; also features hands-on research. Recommended for health science majors and community studies majors focusing on health. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 89. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor and satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment limited to 25. (General Education Code(s): W.) A. Steiner

99. Tutorial. F,W,S
Individual, directed study for undergraduates. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

Upper-Division Courses

100. Biochemistry. F,S
An introduction to biochemistry including biochemical molecules, protein structure and function, membranes, bioenergetics, and regulation of biosynthesis. Provides students with basic essentials of modern biochemistry and the background needed for upper-division biology courses. Students who plan to do advanced work in biochemistry and molecular biology should take the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100 series directly. Students cannot receive credit for this course after they have completed any two courses from the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, 100B, and 100C sequence with grades of Pass, C, or better. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B; and Chemistry 7 or 108A or 112A. (F) R. Ludwig, (S) M. Dalbey

100L. Biochemistry Laboratory. F
Basic techniques and principles of laboratory biochemistry including isolation and characterization of a natural product, manipulation of proteins and nucleic acids to demonstrate basic physical and chemical properties; and characterization of enzyme substrate interactions. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 100 (may enroll concurrently). Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. M. Dalbey

105. Genetics. F,S
Mendelian and molecular genetics; mechanisms of heredity, mutation, recombination, and gene action. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 106. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B. (F) R. Kamakaka, (S) W. Sullivan

105L. Eukaryotic Genetics Laboratory. F
Classical and newly developed molecular-genetic techniques used to explore genetic variation in wild populations of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Topics include Mendelian fundamentals, mapping, design of genetic screens, bio-informatic and database analysis, genetic enhancers, and population genetics. Students are billed a materials fee. (Formerly Genetics Laboratory.) Prerequisite(s): course 105; course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A recommended. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. The Staff

105M. Microbial Genetics Laboratory. S
Exploration of basic genetics processes such as replication, mutation, DNA repair, recombination, gene exchange, population genetics, and evolution using microbial model organisms; classic techniques in microbial genetics and contemporary molecular techniques presented. Prerequisite: course 105. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors; other majors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 16. M. Dalbey

107. Population Genetics. W
Basic population genetics and selected topics will be covered, including genetics of speciation, tempo and mode of evolution, genetics of social behavior, natural selection in human populations, and the impact of molecular studies on evolutionary theory. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 207. Concurrent enrollment in course 107L is required. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 105. Concurrent enrollment in course 107L is required. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson

107L. Population Genetics Laboratory (2 credits). W
A companion course to 107, Population Genetics, that applies the theory developed in that course to related disciplines including conservation biology, ecology, agriculture, and population biology. Original scientific literature relating to the theory developed in course 107 is read, and applied problem sets are solved by the students. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 207L. Concurrent enrollment in course 107 is required. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 105. Concurrent enrollment in course 107 is required. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson

109L. Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory. W
The powerful genetic and molecular techniques available for yeast combined with the complete genomic DNA sequence offers opportunity for discovery of fundamental aspects of eukaryotic life. Lab providing practical experience in using yeast as an experimental system. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 105; 115 strongly recommended. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 15. G. Hartzog, R. Kamakaka

110. Cell Biology. F,S
Covers the structure, organization, and function of eukaryotic cells. Topics include biological membranes, organelles, protein and vesicular trafficking, cellular interactions, the cytoskeleton, and signal transduction. Requires a good understanding of basic biochemistry and molecular biology. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A. (F) L. Hinck, (S) M. Rexach

111. Immunology. *
Immune systems-their manifestations and mechanisms of action. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 105, and 110. M. Zuniga

113. Mammalian Endocrinology. S
Introduction to the major endocrine organs, their hormones, and their receptors. Emphasis is on the following topics: structural analysis of the hormones and receptors at the protein and molecular level, regulation of expression of hormones and their receptors, and the biological functions of hormones. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A. L. Ogren

114. Cancer Cell Biology. S
Focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind cancer. Topics covered include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell growth genes, checkpoint genes, telomeres, and apoptosis. Students will gain experience in reading the primary scientific literature. Prerequisite(s): course 110 or 115. A. Zahler

115. Eukaryotic Molecular Biology. W,S
Covers eukaryotic gene and genome organization; DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis; regulation of gene expression; chromosome structure and organization; and the application of recombinant DNA technology to the study of these topics. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, and either course 105 or 106. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. (W) M. Jurica, (S) H. Boeger

115L. Eukaryotic Molecular Biology Laboratory. W,S
A laboratory designed to provide students with direct training in basic molecular techniques. Each laboratory is a separate module which together builds to allow cloning, isolation, and identification of a nucleic acid sequence from scratch. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 187L or 287L. Students are billed for a materials fee. (Formerly course 116L.) Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, and previous or concurrent enrollment in course 115. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. M. Zavanelli

117A. Advanced Genetics. F
An analysis of selected topics in the primary research literature including conditional lethality, classical fine structure genetics, the coding problem, control of operon expression, phage lambda, and developmental genetics. Students cannot receive credit for this course and 200A. Prerequisite(s): course 105 and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A. R. Ludwig, A. Chisholm

117B. Advanced Molecular Biology. W
An in-depth coverage of the structure, function, and synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Discussion of the roles of macromolecules in the regulation of information in the cell. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 200B. Prerequisite(s): course 117A. G. Hartzog

117C. Advanced Cell Biology. S
An in-depth coverage of topics in cellular and subcellular organization, structure and function in plants and animals. Emphasis on current research problems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 200C. Previous or concurrent enrollment in courses 110 and 117B is required. M. Rexach

118. Biology of Disease. W
Primary objective is to provide an understanding of disease processes in humans. Integrates normal physiology and pathophysiology with the molecular and physiologic bases of diseases. Major emphasis on the physiological, molecular, and biochemical basis of diseases, with particular emphasis on the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, immune, and central nervous systems. Also addresses environmental risk factors in the etiology of diseases. Overviews provided, but covers selective topics considered most important in depth. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 138. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B or equivalent and course 110. Course 130 is recommended. D. Smith

119. Microbiology. F,W
Cell and molecular biology of bacteria and their viruses, including applications in medicine, public health, agriculture, and biotechnology. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry 100A. (F) K. Ottemann, (W) M. Dalbey

119L. Microbiology Laboratory. F,W
An introduction to the principles and practices of laboratory microbiology, with a substantial presentation of optical microscopy. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 119. Course 119 may be taken concurrently. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. (F) C. Saltikov, (W) M. Dalbey

120. Development. S
A description and analysis of selected developmental events in the life cycle of animals. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms are emphasized. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, and course 105. A. Chisholm

120L. Development Laboratory. S
Experimental studies of animal development using a variety of locally obtainable organisms. Approximately eight hours weekly, but it will often be necessary to monitor continuing experiments throughout the week. Concurrent enrollment in course 120 required. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A and course 110. Concurrent enrollment in course 120 required. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. A. Chisholm

122. Cellular and Organismal Toxicology. W
Emphases of biochemical, cellular, and organ system basis of intoxication, including dose-response relationships, biotransformation of toxicants, biochemical mechanisms underlying toxicity, factors influencing toxic action, and biomarkers of exposure. Emphasizes effects of various classes of toxins, including heavy metals and persistent synthetic organics, with a focus on susceptible biochemical/cellular processes of the central nervous, immune, hepatic, and renal target organ systems. Designed for advanced undergraduates. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 202. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 102. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B or equivalent; courses 100 and 110 are recommended. Enrollment restricted to juniors and seniors. D. Smith

125. Introduction to Neuroscience. F
The structure and function of the nervous system. Topics include elementary electrical principles, biophysics and physiology of single nerve and muscle cells, signal transduction at synapses, development of the nervous system, and neural basis of behavior. Requires a good understanding of basic biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology. Prerequisite(s): course 100. Concurrent enrollment in course 105 or 110 is encouraged. D. Feldheim

126. Advanced Molecular Neuroscience. S
Explores in detail cellular and molecular events that underlay the function of the nervous system. Topics include neural development, axon guidance and regeneration, advanced electrical principles (synaptic transmission through a variety of receptors), synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, as well as several neural disorders. Prerequisite(s): course 125. L. Hinck

128. Advanced Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology. *
Emphasizes comparative studies in both invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems to provide rigorous, first hand knowledge in neural development. Specific topics include neurogenesis, fate determination, migration, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Students must participate actively in lectures and discussions. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 228. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor; students need a solid background in molecular, cellular, and developmental biology. Enrollment limited to 10. Y. Jin

128L. Neural Genetics Laboratory. W
A genetics laboratory course using the nematode C. elegans as a model organism to understand the development and function of the nervous system. Comprehensive research projects are designed to teach the basic methodology and principles of genetic analysis. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 105. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 16. Y. Jin

130. Human Physiology. F,W
Function, organization, and regulation of the major organ systems of humans, with emphasis on integration among systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 131. Prerequisite(s): course 110; vertebrate anatomy course recommended preparation. L. Ogren

130L. Human Physiology Laboratory (2 credits). F,W
Examines fundamental principles of systemic physiology focusing on the human. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 131L. Students are billed a materials fee. (General Education Code(s): W satisfied by taking this course and course 189.) Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Entry Level writing and Composition requirementscourses 20A, 20B, and 110. Concurrent enrollment in 130 is required. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission. L. Ogren

131. Animal Physiology. W
Principles and concepts underlying the function of tissues and organ systems in animals with emphasis on vertebrate systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 130. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 100. T. Williams

131L. Animal Physiology Laboratory (2 credits). *
Experiments conducted with primary focus on quantitative physiological principles of organ systems and intact organisms. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 130L. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 100. Concurrent enrollment in course 131 is required. Enrollment limited to 25. T. Williams

133. Exercise Physiology. S
An advanced-level course concerning physiological and biochemical processes associated with human performance. Emphasis is on the integration of organ systems for exercise. Topics include metabolism and fuel utilization, cardiovascular and respiratory dynamics during activity, and the effects of training. Requires a good understanding of basic physiological function and anatomy. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 233. By interview; permission of instructor required. Must be taken concurrently with course 133L. Course 131 or 132 recommended as preparation. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. T. Williams

133L. Exercise Physiology Laboratory (2 credits). S
An introduction to basic measurement techniques used in assessing the physiological response of humans to exercise. Sessions cover oxygen consumption, respiratory rate, and heart rate monitoring during aerobic and anaerobic activity. By interview: permission of instructor required; course 131 or 132 recommended as preparation. Must be taken concurrently with course 133. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. T. Williams

135. Human Functional Anatomy. S
Study of structure and function of the human body through lectures with an evolutionary perspective including regional anatomy and body systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Anthropology 207. (Formerly Anatomy of the Human Body.) (Also offered as Anthropology 107. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B or Anthropology 1; concurrent enrollment in course 135L is required. The Staff

135L. Human Functional Anatomy Laboratory. S
Study of structure and function of the human body using dissection, comparative vertebrate anatomy, anatomical models, and computer-assisted instruction. Students are billed for a lab fee. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Anthropology 207L. (Formerly Anatomy of the Human Body Laboratory.) (Also offered as Anthropology 107L. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B or Anthropology 1. Concurrent enrollment in course 135 is required. Enrollment restricted to biological sciences and affiliated majors, non-majors by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. N. Dominy

136. Invertebrate Zoology. W
An examination of invertebrates and their habitats. Lecture format. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. Course 136L must be taken concurrently. Enrollment limited to 96. B. Marinovic

136L. Invertebrate Zoology Laboratory (2 credits). W
An examination of invertebrates and their habitats. Weekly laboratories or field trips. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. Biology 136 must be taken concurrently. Enrollment limited to 96. B. Marinovic

137. Ichthyology. *
An introduction to the biology of jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes-their classification, evolution, form, physiology, and ecology. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. Course 137L must be taken concurrently. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

137L. Ichthyology Laboratory (2 credits). *
One laboratory session a week and several field trips to study the biology of fish. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. Course 137 must be taken concurrently. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

138. Biology and Ecology of the Vertebrates. W
An introduction to the fundamentals of vertebrate biology and ecology including evolutionary history, basic anatomy and physiology, systematics, ecology and major specializations for locomotion, reproduction, homeostasis, energy balance, and thermoregulation. (Also offered as Environmental Studies 105. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): course 20A, 20B, and 20C, or course 150 or Environmental Studies 24. Concurrent enrollment in course 138L required. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by biological sciences. Enrollment limited to 50. M. Fusari

138L. Biology and Ecology of the Vertebrates Laboratory (2 credits). *
Covers the basics of vertebrate anatomy and taxonomy with emphasis on local species identification. Lab includes a weekly film series and two Saturday trips to the California Academy of Sciences. Concurrent enrollment in course 105 is required. (Also offered as Environmental Studies 105L. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): course 20C, 150, or Environmental Studies 24. Concurrent enrollment in course 138 is required. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by biological sciences. Enrollment limited to 12. The Staff

139. Biology of Marine Mammals. S
A survey of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters, including natural history, systematics, physiology, behavior, anatomy, and conservation. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; course 138 is recommended. D. Costa

139L. Biology of Marine Mammals Laboratory (2 credits). S
Covers the basics of marine mammal taxonomy, anatomy, and field methods with an emphasis on local field identification and understanding of local species. Will include field trips to Long Marine Lab, Año Nuevo, and Monterey Bay. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. Must be taken concurrently with course 139. D. Costa

140. Behavioral Ecology. F
An introduction to social and reproductive behavior. Emphasis on studies of vertebrates in their natural habitat. Ideas concerning the evolution of social behavior, mating systems, and individual reproductive strategies. Case histories of well-studied animals that illustrate key principles in courtship and mating, parental behavior, and food-getting behavior. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. B. Sinervo

141. Ecological Field Methods. S
Lectures and laboratory computer exercises designed to familiarize students with research methods, study design, statistical approaches, and analysis tools for ecological research. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Environmental Studies 104A. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; concurrent enrollment in course 141L is required. Course 140, 150, 152, or 160 recommended. Enrollment limited to 25. D. Croll

141L. Ecological Field Methods Laboratory. S
Field-oriented course in the study of animal ecology and behavior. Combines overview of methodologies and approaches to field research with practical field studies. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; concurrent enrollment in course 141 is required. Course 140, 150, 152, or 160 recommended. Enrollment limited to 25. (General Education Code(s): W.) D. Croll

142. Ocean Ecosystems. W
Discussion of selected topics in animal ecology of the open sea: zooplankton production, variability of pelagic populations, food webs, deep-sea pelagic and benthic ecology, fisheries oceanography, and human effects on the open ocean biota. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 242. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 142. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C or equivalent; one ocean sciences course recommended. M. Silver

143. Herpetology. *
Lectures introduce students to evolution, development, physiology, behavior, ecology, and life history of reptiles and amphibians. The materials integrate with conceptual and theoretical issues of ecology, evolution, physiology, and behavior. Prerequisite(s): course 138, 140, 150, 175 or Environmental Studies 105. Concurrent enrollment in course 143L required. Enrollment limited to 25. Offered in alternate academic years. The Staff

143L. Field Methods in Herpetological Research (2 credits). *
Field trips introduce students to natural history, censusing techniques, physiological ecology, and behavioral analysis of reptiles and amphibians. Laboratories introduce students to techniques for analyzing behavior and physiology. Field studies culminate with a group project in a natural setting. Some field trips may be held on weekends due to weather considerations. Some field trips may require students to provide their own transportation, some transportation will be provided by UCSC. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 138, 140, 150, 175, or Environmental Studies 105. Concurrent enrollment in course 143 is required. Offered in alternate academic years. The Staff

144. Ornithology. *
Introduction to the evolution, ecology, behavior, and natural history of birds, using exemplary case histories to illustrate key concepts in evolution, ecology, and behavior. Prerequisite(s): course 140, 150, or 175, or Environmental Studies 24 or 105. Concurrent enrollment in course 144L is required. Enrollment limited to 20. B. Lyon

144L. Ornithology Field Studies (2 credits). *
Field trips introduce students to field identification skills and field investigation of census, foraging behavior, migration, social behavior, and communication. Examination of specimens in the laboratory will be used to highlight the diversity and taxonomy of birds. Students are billed for a materials fee. Some field trips may require students to provide their own transportation. Prerequisite(s): course 140, 150, or 175, or Environmental Studies 24 or 105. Concurrent enrollment in course 144 is required. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. B. Lyon

145L. Behavioral Ecology Field Course. W
A field-based course introducing students to concepts and methods for studying behavioral ecology in nature. Students will conduct observations and field experiments on various local model organisms including elephant seals, hummingbirds, sparrows, lizards, ants, bees, frogs, and salamanders. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 140 or 150 or Environmental Studies 105; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment limited to 25. Offered in alternate academic years. (General Education Code(s): W.) B. Lyon, B. Sinervo

150. Ecology. W
Focuses on physiological, behavioral, and population ecology, and on linking ecological processes to evolution. It includes basic principles, experimental approaches, concepts of modeling, and applications to ecological problems. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. B. Lyon

152. Community Ecology. S
Develops the major themes of community biology: structure, trophic dynamics, succession, complex interactions among species, herbivory, evolution and coevolution. Uses case histories of well-studied marine and terrestrial systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 252. Prerequisite(s): course 150 or Environmental Studies 24. Enrollment limited to 50. L. Fox

156. Marine Plankton. S
Review of morphology, systematics, and natural history of major marine planktonic taxa and evaluation of local plankton forms. Two lecture/lab sessions of three and one-half hours each, and two field trips during the quarter. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 156. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Concurrent enrollment in course 156L is required; one of the following recommended as preparation: Ocean Sciences 118, 142, or 242; or Biology 136, 146, or 170. Recommended for upper-division and graduate students. M. Silver

156L. Marine Plankton Laboratory (2 credits). S
Two lab meetings weekly. Concerned primarily with evaluation of local plankton forms. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 156L. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Concurrent enrollment in course 156 is required; one of the following recommended as preparation: Ocean Sciences 118, 142, or 242; or Biology 136, 146, or 170. M. Silver

158. Ecology of Reefs, Mangroves, and Seagrasses. *
Integrated treatment of coral reefs, sea grasses, and mangroves emphasizing interactions and processes through time. Major topics: biological and geological history, biogeography, evolution and ecology of dominant organisms, biodiversity, community and ecosystem ecology, geology, biogeochemistry, global change, human impacts. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 157. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. D. Potts

159. Biological Oceanography. S
Biological description of sea, with emphasis on processes and patterns. Topics include microbial dynamics, phytoplankton and zooplankton production, and ecology of marine food webs. Emphasis placed on understanding how physical, chemical, and geological environment shapes biology and ecology of oceans, including such topics as harmful algal blooms, global estimates of productivity, and effects of humans on environment. Students may not receive credit for this course and Ocean Sciences 230. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 130. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): course 20A, 20B, and 20C; previous course in ocean sciences recommended. Enrollment restricted to juniors (with instructor approval), seniors, graduate students. R. Kudela

160. Marine Ecology. W
Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology; analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 260. Prerequisite(s): course 20A, 20B, 20C; course 140 or 150 recommended. M. Carr

160L. Marine Ecology Laboratory. *
Supervised individual research projects in experimental marine biology. Students carry out a complete research project, including (1) the formation of hypotheses; (2) the design and implementation of experiments; (3) collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; and (4) write-up of an oral presentation. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 160; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. (General Education Code(s): W.) M. Carr

161. Kelp Forest Ecology. *
Study of organization of kelp forests as models for examining biological communities. The physical and biotic factors responsible for community organization of kelp forests are explored using original literature and data collected in course 161L. Class meets one full morning each week. Prerequisite(s): by interview only; courses 20A, 20B, and 20C are required. Students must pass the University Research Diving Certification (contact the diving safety officer, Institute of Marine Sciences, for further information). Enrollment restricted to seniors. Course 161L must be taken concurrently; courses 136/L, 150, or 170/L are recommended. Enrollment limited to 24. Offered in alternate academic years. P. Raimondi, M. Carr

161L. Kelp Forest Ecology Laboratory. *
Fieldwork using SCUBA to quantitatively and qualitatively examine the abundance and distribution of organisms in kelp forests, with additional laboratory work. Culminates with a directed individual research project. Class meets one full morning each week. Students are billed for a materials fee. Admission by interview. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; course 161 must be taken concurrently; course(s) 136/L, 150, or 170/L are recommended. Students must pass the University Research Diving Certification (contact the Diving Safety Officer, Institute of Marine Sciences, for further information). Enrollment limited to 24. Offered in alternate academic years. (General Education Code(s): W.) P. Raimondi, M. Carr

162A. Marine Ecology Field Quarter: Marine Ecology with Laboratory. F
Total immersion in marine ecology for very motivated students. Students develop a research project during first five weeks on campus and then spend five weeks of immersion in directed research without distraction in isolated locations off campus (past locations include the Gulf of California in Mexico and Moorea in French Polynesia). Not available through University Extension. No other courses may be taken during this quarter. Students must sign a contract agreeing to standards of behavior outlined in the UCSC Rule Book and by the instructors. Students are billed for a materials, transportation (not airfare), and room and board fee. Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology and analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students carry out a complete research project, including the formation of hypotheses; the design and implementation of experiments; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; and the write-up and oral presentation of results. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. Courses 162A, 162B, 162C, and 162D are equivalent to courses 137, 137L, 160, and 160L for major requirements. Courses 162A, 162B, 162C, and 162D must be taken concurrently. (Formerly Marine Ecology with Laboratory.) Enrollment limited to 26. Offered in alternate academic years. P. Raimondi

162B. Marine Ecology Field Quarter: Ichthyology with Laboratory. F
An introduction to the biology of jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes-their classification, evolution, form, physiology, and ecology. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. Courses 162A, 162B, 162C, and 162D are equivalent to courses 137, 137L, 160, and 160L for major requirements. Courses 162A, 162B, 162C, and 162D must be taken concurrently. (Formerly Ichthyology with Laboratory.) Enrollment limited to 26. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

162C. Marine Ecology Field Quarter: Methods in Field Ecology. F
Students learn quantitative methods for field experiments and surveys. Emphasis will be on marine environments, but there will also be exposure to terrestrial systems. This is the lecture component to course 162D. No text is required for this course; instead, readings from the current literature will be assigned. Students are evaluated on written independent field project proposals and class participation. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. Courses 162A, 162B, 162C, and 162D are equivalent to courses 137, 137L, 160, and 160L for major requirements. Courses 162A, 162B, 162C, and 162D must be taken concurrently. (Formerly Methods in Field Ecology.) Enrollment limited to 26. Offered in alternate academic years. P. Raimondi

162D. Marine Ecology Field Quarter: Methods in Field Ecology Laboratory
(4 credits). F
This is laboratory portion of course 162C. Students carry out independent field projects under the supervision of course instructors. All work is done during the 5-6 week off-campus portion of course 162. Students are evaluated on field techniques, the final write-up of their independent field projects, and class participation. Admission by interview during previous winter quarter. Courses 162A, 162B, 162C, and 162D are equivalent to courses 137, 137L, 160, and 160L for major requirements. Courses 162A, 162B, 162C, and 162D must be taken concurrently. (Formerly Methods in Field Ecology Laboratory.) Enrollment limited to 26. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

163. Marine Conservation Biology. F
Initially undertakes an in-depth comparison of the biology and conservation of marine versus terrestrial ecosystems. With this foundation, course examines marine biodiversity loss resulting from overexploitation, habitat loss, species introduction, and pollution, with particular emphasis on the resulting trophic cascades, biodiversity losses, and climate change. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Environmental Studies 120. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; Ocean Sciences 101 recommended. D. Croll

166. Plant Physiology. W
Cellular and organismal functions important in the life of green plants. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B; a course in cell biology recommended; courses 100 and 110 are highly recommended as preparation. L. Taiz

168. Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants. S
An examination of the taxonomy and evolution of flowering plants. Special topics include phylogenetics and cladistics, plant species concepts, and modern methods of systematic research. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; or Environmental Studies 24. Must be taken concurrently with course 168L. The Staff

168L. Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants Laboratory (2 credits). S
One laboratory meeting weekly concerned primarily with California flora and plant families. Several field trips. Students are billed a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B; and 20C or Environmental Studies 24. Must be taken concurrently with course 168. The Staff

169. Plant Ecology. F
An exploration of the ecology of plant form, function, distribution, abundance, and diversity. Topics include plant adaptations to environmental conditions, life history variation, competition, reproductive ecology, herbivory, and patterns of diversity. Lecture with discussions of original papers and independent field project. Students cannot receive credit for this course and courses 165 or 269. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; or Environmental Studies 24. Course 150 is recommended. Enrollment limited to 30. I. Parker

169L. Field Methods in Plant Ecology. F
Hands-on exploration of the concepts and techniques of plant ecology. A combination of lab, greenhouse, and field-based exercises (irrespective of weather conditions). Statistical analysis and scientific writing. One required weekend field trip. Students cannot receive credit for this course and courses 165 or 269L. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; course 20A, 20B, and 20C; or Environmental Studies 24. Concurrent enrollment in course 169 is required. Course 150 is recommended. Enrollment limited to 30. (General Education Code(s): W.) I. Parker

170. Marine Botany. S
An introduction to the biology of marine algae, fungi, and angiosperms with regard to form and function. Major boreal, temperate, and tropical marine plant communities. Lecture format. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. Must be taken concurrently with course 170L. The Staff

170L. Marine Botany Laboratory (2 credits). S
One laboratory weekly and several field trips. Focuses on marine algae, fungi, and angiosperms. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. Must be taken concurrently with course 170. Enrollment limited to 20. The Staff

171. Marine Microbial Ecology. S
The study of marine bacteria and their role in the marine ecosystem. Emphasis on biochemistry and physiology in relation to metabolic activity and elemental cycles, trophic interactions, and flows of material and energy in marine food webs. Exams and term paper required. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Ocean Sciences 218. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 118. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and Chemistry 1C. J. Zehr

175. Evolution. F
An examination of the history and mechanisms of evolutionary change. Topics include molecular evolution, natural and sexual selection, adaptation, speciation, biogeography, and macroevolution. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 105. G. Pogson

180. Research Programming for Biologists and Biochemists. W
No programming experience required, but basic computer skills assumed. Students without prior programming experience taught basic proficiency in Perl, BioPerl, and other Perl libraries needed to analyze, transform, and publish biological data. Students required to solve a research problem as a final project. Lectures and labs are shared with Biomolecular Engineering 60. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Biomolecular Engineering 60. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 160. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): Biology 20A or 21A. Previous or concurrent enrollment in course 180L is required. J. Stuart

180L. Research Programming for Biologists and Biochemists Laboratory
(1 credit). W
Laboratory sequence illustrating topics covered in course 180. One two-hour laboratory per week. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Biomolecular Engineering 60L. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 160L. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): course 20A or 21A. Concurrent enrollment in course 180 is required. J. Stuart

181. Computational Biology Tools. S
Hands-on laboratory geared to teach basic tools used in computational biology (motif searching, primer selection, sequence comparison, multiple sequence alignment, genefinders, phylogenetics analysis, X-ray crystallography software). Web- and Unix-based tools/databases are used. Open to all science students; no prior Unix experience required. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 110. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): course 20B and Chemistry 1C. Enrollment limited to 25. T. Lowe

183L. Undergraduate Research in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. F,W,S
Supervised undergraduate research on a project with an ecology and evolutionary biology faculty member for students considering a career based on biological research. Class reviews the philosophy of science, basic statistics, and library searches, and emphasizes how to input data, create graphs, and prepare results for publication, posters, and talks. Prerequisite(s): one upper-division course in ecology, evolution, behavior, or physiology; and by permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to sophomore, junior, and senior EEB majors conducting research project with EEB faculty member. (F) B. Sinervo, (W) M. Carr, (S) The Staff

186F. Undergraduate Research in MCD Biology (2 credits). F,W,S
Supervised undergraduate research in laboratory of an MCD biology faculty member accompanied by weekly lectures on ethical and practical scientific issues. Topics include laboratory safety; the scientific method; the collection, treatment, and presentation of data; critical evaluation of scientific literature; scientific misconduct; and peer review. Career issues, including how to apply for admission to graduate and professional schools, also discussed. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B; at least one of course 100, 105, or Biochemistry 100A; and permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. (F) J. Tamkun, (W) A. Zahler, (S) D. Kellogg

186L. Undergraduate Research in MCD Biology. F,W,S
Supervised undergraduate research in laboratory of an MCD biology faculty member accompanied by weekly lectures on ethical and practical scientific issues. Topics include laboratory safety; the scientific method; the collection, treatment, and presentation of data; critical evaluation of scientific literature; scientific misconduct; and peer review. Career issues, including how to apply for admission to graduate and professional schools, also discussed. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B; at least one of course 100, 105, or Biochemistry 100A; and permission of instructor. (F) J. Tamkun, (W) A. Zahler, (S) D. Kellogg

187L. Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory. F
An intensive molecular biology laboratory that presents procedures used in molecular and biotechnology research. Topics and procedures include DNA/RNA isolation, cloning and library construction, southern and northern hybridization, DNA fingerprinting, PCR, manual and automated sequencing, and computer methods for analyzing molecular data. New procedures currently being developed in biotechnology industries are presented by industry representatives. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 116L or 287L. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, 100, and 110. Enrollment limited to 20. M. Zavanelli

188A. Specialized Teaching (2 credits). F,W,S
Supervised mentored-teaching associated with college survey-level biological science courses. Topics include styles, techniques, and methods for teaching complex biological processes to diverse groups; curriculum design; evaluating written and oral assignments; and professional ethics and standards. Enrollment by instructor interview. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 191. J. Thompson

188B. Supervised Teaching (2 credits). F,W,S
Supervised mentored-teaching associated with college survey-level biological science courses. Topics include styles, techniques, and methods for teaching complex biological processes to diverse groups; curriculum design; evaluating written and oral assignments; and professional ethics and standards. Enrollment by instructor interview. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 191. J. Thompson

189. Health Sciences Internship. F,W,S
Structured off-campus learning experience providing hands-on experience and pre-professional mentoring in a variety of health-related settings. Interns are trained and supervised by a professional at their placement and receive academic guidance from their faculty sponsor. Students spend 10-12 hours per week at their placement, participate in weekly discussion meetings on campus, keep a reflective journal, and submit a final paper. Prerequisite(s): course 20L; satisfaction of the Entry Level Writing and Composition requirements; students interview with health sciences internship coordinator; applications are due one quarter in advance to the Health Sciences Internship office. Enrollment restricted to health sciences majors. (General Education Code(s): W satisfied by taking this course and course 130L.) May be repeated for credit. (F) M. Zuniga, (W) The Staff, (S) G. Hartzog

190. Senior Seminar (2 credits). S
Satisfies the senior exit requirement for all biological sciences majors. (Formerly Proseminar.) The Staff

191. Teaching College Biology.
Course designed to provide undergraduates at the upper-division level with an opportunity to participate in planning and teaching college-level biology. May not be repeated for credit. The Staff

192. Directed Student Teaching. F,W,S
Teaching of a lower-division seminar under faculty supervision. (See course 42.) Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff

193. Field Study. F,W,S
Provides for individual programs of study carried out under the direct supervision of a member of the Biology Department and using resources not normally available on campus. With permission of the department, may be repeated for credit, or two or three courses may be taken concurrently. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

193F. Field Study (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for individual programs of study carried out under the direct supervision of a member of the Biology Department and using resources not normally available on campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

195. Senior Thesis Research. F,W,S
An individually supervised course, with emphasis on independent research, to culminate in a senior thesis. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

198. Independent Field Study. F,W,S
Provides for individual programs of study (a) by means other than the usual supervision in person, or (b) when the student is doing all or most of the course work off campus. With permission of the department, may be repeated for credit, or two or three courses taken concurrently. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

198F. Independent Field Study (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for two units of independent field study (a) by means other than the usual supervision in person, or (b) when the student is doing all or most of the course work off campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

199. Tutorial. F,W,S
Reading, discussion, written reports, and laboratory research on selected biological topics, using facilities normally available on campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

199F. Tutorial (2 credits). F,W,S
Two unit Tutorial. Reading, discussion, written reports, and laboratory research on selected biological topics, using facilities normally available on campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

Graduate Courses

200A. Advanced Genetics. F
An analysis of selected topics in the primary research literature including conditional lethality, classical fine structure genetics, the coding problem, control of operon expression, phage lambda, and developmental genetics. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 117A. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Qualified undergraduates may enroll in course 117A. R. Ludwig, A. Chisholm

200B. Advanced Molecular Biology. W
An in-depth coverage of the structure, function, and synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Discussion of the roles of macromolecules in the regulation of information in the cell. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 117B. Prerequisite(s): course 200A. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Qualified advanced undergraduates may enroll in course 117B. G. Hartzog

200C. Advanced Cell Biology. S
An in-depth coverage of topics in cellular and subcellular organization, structure, and function in plants and animals. Emphasis on current research problems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 117C. Prerequisite(s): course 200B. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Qualified undergraduates may enroll in course 117C. M. Rexach

201. RNA Processing. *
An advanced graduate-level course on biological aspects of RNA function and processing in eukaryotes. Lectures and discussions will be developed using the current literature. Prerequisite(s): course 200B or permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 15. M. Ares

202. Cellular and Organismal Toxicology. W
Emphasizes biochemical, cellular, and organ system basis of intoxication, including dose-response relationships, biotransformation of toxicants, biochemical mechanisms underlying toxicity, factors influencing toxic action, and biomarkers of exposure. Emphasizes effects of various classes of toxins, including heavy metals and persistent synthetic organics, with a focus on susceptible biochemical/cellular processes of the central nervous, immune, hepatic, and renal target organ systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Environmental Toxicology 102 or Biology 122. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 202. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. D. Smith

204. Chromatin. *
Eukaryotic DNA is complexed with histones to form chromatin. This course focuses on the ways in which chromatin influences and is manipulated to regulate gene expression. Prerequisite(s): courses 105 and 115;
undergrads by permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 15. Offered in alternate academic years. The Staff

206. Introduction to Stem Cell Biology. F
Fundamental issues and experimental approaches of stem cell biology research. Course divides into three sections: basic principles, experimental approaches, and emerging areas of research. Topics covered include stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, the microenvironment, epigenetics, cell cycle regulation, as well as how basic research translates to medical therapeutics. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. W. Sullivan

206L. Current Protocols in Stem Cell Biology. S
Provides students with hands-on experience in embryonic stem cell culture methods. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. D. Feldheim

207. Population Genetics. W
Basic population genetics and selected topics are covered including genetics of speciation, tempo and mode of evolution, genetics of social behavior, natural selection in human populations, and the impact of molecular studies on evolutionary theory. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Biology 107. Concurrent enrollment in course 207L is required. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson

207L. Population Genetics Laboratory (2 credits). W
A companion course to 207, Population Genetics, that applies the theory developed in that course to related disciplines including conservation biology, ecology, agriculture, and population biology. Original scientific literature relating to the theory developed in course 207 is read, and applied problem sets are solved by the students. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 107L. Must be taken concurrently with course 207. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson

208. Cellular Signaling Mechanisms. *
All eukaryotic cells utilize intricate signaling pathways to control such diverse events as cell-cell communication, cell division, and changes in cell morphology. This course covers the molecular basis of these cellular signaling pathways, focusing on the most current research. Prerequisite(s): courses 105, 110, and 115. Enrollment restricted to seniors and graduate students. Enrollment limited to 15. Offered in alternate academic years. D. Kellogg

210. Application and Analysis of Microarrays. S
Topics include, but are not limited to, microarray production techniques, experimental strategies using microarrays, extraction and analysis of microarray data, DNA and protein arrays, SNP analysis, gene expression analysis, materials analysis, and advanced analysis of data using bioinformatic techniques. (Also offered as Biomolecular Engineering 210. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment limited to graduate students; undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. M. Ares, T. Lowe

214. Cancer Cell Biology. S
Focuses on molecular and cellular mechanisms behind cancer. Topics include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell growth genes, checkpoint genes, telomeres, and apoptosis. Students gain experience in understanding the cutting edge of cancer drug design and formulate their own proposals for applying molecular and cellular biological techniques toward cancer diagnosis and treatment. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 10. A. Zahler

226. Advanced Molecular Neuroscience. S
Basis of neural behavior at the cellular, molecular and system levels. First half of course focuses on cellular, molecular, and developmental aspects of the nervous system and covers two sensory systems: olfaction and auditory. Last half of course concerns higher-level functions of the nervous system, such as processing and integrating information. Discusses human diseases and disorders. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. L. Hinck

228. Advanced Topics in Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology. *
Emphasizes comparative studies in both invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems to provide rigorous, first-hand knowledge in neural development. Specific topics include neurogenesis, fate determination, migration, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Students must participate actively in lectures and discussions. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 128. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Undergraduates may enroll by interview only. Enrollment limited to 15. Y. Jin

233. Exercise Physiology. S
Physiological and biochemical processes associated with human performance. Students are expected to be familiar with basic organ physiology, biochemistry, and human anatomy. Focuses on bioenergetics and fuel utilization, cardiovascular and respiratory dynamics during activity, and the effects of training, age, and disease on exercise. Laboratory sessions incorporated into study sections. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 133. Prerequisite(s): by interview; course 131 or 132 recommended as preparation. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. T. Williams

242. Ocean Ecosystems. W
Discussion of selected topics in animal ecology of the open sea: zooplankton production, variability of pelagic populations, food webs, deep sea pelagic and benthic ecology, fisheries oceanography, and human effects on the open ocean biota. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 142. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 242. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L or an equivalent introductory biology sequence with lab; one ocean sciences course recommended. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Silver

250A. Scientific Skills. F
Exposes graduate students to teaching skills, understanding the scientific method, searching and organizing literature, grant proposal and scientific writing, data management and presentation, and scientific speaking. Students are evaluated on their participation and the quality of a written research proposal. (Formerly course 250B.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Carr

250B. Advanced Organismal Biology. W
Consists of lectures focusing on pivotal topics in ecology and evolution. Relevant background material is developed followed by a critical analysis of readings from the primary literature. Designed to give graduate (and advanced undergraduate) students direct contact with the major areas of research that are currently at the forefront of organismal biology. (Formerly course 250A.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. I. Parker, D. Costa, B. Sinervo

252. Community Ecology. *
Develops the major themes of community ecology: structure, trophic dynamics, succession, complex interactions among species, herbivory, evolution, and coevolution. Uses case histories of well-studied marine and terrestrial systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 152. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. L. Fox

260. Marine Ecology. W
Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology; analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 160. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Carr

260L. Experimental Marine Ecology. *
Supervised individual research projects in experimental marine biology. Students carry out a complete research project, including (1) the formation of hypotheses, (2) the design and implementation of experiments, (3) collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and (4) the write-up of an oral presentation. Prerequisite(s): course 260; and interview to assess ability to carry out field project. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. P. Raimondi, M. Carr

269. Plant Ecology. F
An exploration of the ecology of plant form, function, distribution, abundance, and diversity. Topics include plant adaptations to environmental conditions, life history variation, competition, reproductive ecology, herbivory, and patterns of diversity. Lecture with discussions of original papers and independent field project. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 169. Prerequisite(s): course 150 or Environmental Studies 24 or permission of instructor. Concurrent enrollment in course 269L is required except by permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. I. Parker

269L. Field Methods in Plant Ecology Laboratory. F
Hands-on exploration of the concepts and techniques of plant ecology. A combination of lab, greenhouse, and field-based exercises (irrespective of weather conditions), statistical analysis, and scientific writing. One required weekend field trip. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 169. Concurrent enrollment in course 269 is required. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 2. I. Parker

274. Evolutionary Game Theory. W
Reviews static equilibrium concepts, games of incomplete information, and the traditional theory of dynamic games in discrete time. Develops recent evolutionary game models, including replicator and best reply dynamics, and applications to economics, computer science, and biology. Prerequisite(s): upper-division math courses in probability theory are strongly recommended. (Also offered as Computer Science 272 and Economics 272. Students cannot receive credit for all three courses.) M. Warmuth, D. Friedman, B. Sinervo

279. Evolutionary Ecology. F
Analysis of the ways in which ongoing evolution and coevolution shape the ecological structure and dynamics of populations, species, and species interactions across geographic landscapes. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. J. Thompson

280A. Topics in Research on Molecular Genetics of Yeast (2 credits). F,W,S
Intensive research seminar on the structure and function of the gene expression machinery in the simple eukaryote Saccharomyces cervisiae and its relationship to the human gene expression machinery. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with approval of instructor. May be repeated for credit. M. Ares

280B. Chromatin Structure and Transcriptional Regulation (2 credits). F,W,S
Weekly seminar on structure and gene regulatory function of chromatin. Discusses research of participants and relevant scientific literature. Enrollment restrIcted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. H. Boeger

280C. Developmental Genetics of C. elegans (2 credits). F,W,S
An intensive seminar concerning genetic and molecular analysis of development of the nematode worm C. elegans. Participants are required to present results of their own research and to review relevant papers. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. A. Chisholm

280D. RNA Processing (2 credits). F,W,S
A discussion of current research and literature concerning the regulation of precursor messenger RNA processing. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. A. Zahler

280F. Development of Vertebrate Neural Connections (2 credits). F,W,S
Intensive research seminar on molecular mechanisms by which neural connections are established during mouse development. Special focus on topographic maps and role of Eph receptors and ephrins in this process. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. D. Feldheim

280H. Topics on Research into Chromatin and Transcription (2 credits). F,W,S
Seminar covering research into the effects of chromatin on transcription in yeast. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. G. Hartzog

280I. Epigenetic Gene Silencing and Insulators (2 credits). F,W,S
Intensive course on molecular mechanisms by which insulator elements regulate epigenetic gene silencing. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. R. Kamakaka

280J. Structures of Macromolecular Complexes (2 credits). F,W,S
Focuses on structure and function of the spliceosome using electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography. Participants present results from their own research and relevant journal articles. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. May be repeated for credit. M. Jurica

280K. Topics in Cell Cycle Research (2 credits). F,W,S
An intensive seminar focusing on current research on the molecular mechanisms that control cell division. Participants are required to present results of their own research or to review journal articles of interest. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. D. Kellogg

280L. Topics on Neural Development (2 credits). F,W,S
Seminar covering research into the development of the embryonic nervous system. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 12. May be repeated for credit. L. Hinck

280N. Structure and Function of Ribosomes (2 credits). F,W,S
An intensive and advanced course focusing on the structure and function of ribosomes. Participants present research findings in an organized, critical fashion, in the context of current research literature in the ribosome field. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduate students may enroll with permission of the instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. May be repeated for credit. H. Noller

280O. Topics in Bacterial Pathogenesis (2 credits). F,W,S
Intensive seminar focusing on mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis of the ulcer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Participants are required to present results from their own research and relevant journal articles. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 281O. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

280R. Structure and Function of the Nuclear Pore Complex (2 credits). F,W,S
Intensive and advanced course focusing on structure and function of the nuclear pore complex. Participants present research findings in an organized critical fashion in the context of current research literature in the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport field. Enrollment restrIcted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. M. Rexach

280T. Molecular Biology of Drosophila Development (2 credits). F,W,S
An intensive seminar concerning the molecular genetics of Drosophila. Recent research is discussed weekly, with an emphasis on gene regulation and development. Students present their own research or critical reviews of recent articles at least once during the quarter. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. J. Tamkun

280U. Discussions on the Development of the Drosophila Embryo (2 credits). F,W,S
Involves a two-hour weekly meeting in which the students discuss topics concerning the cell cycle, early embryonic development, and the cytoskeleton. These discussions critically evaluate ongoing research in this area. Material is drawn from student research and recently published journal articles. Students are also expected to meet individually with the instructor two hours weekly. In addition to a three-five page research proposal, each student gives two one-hour oral presentations. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. W. Sullivan

280W. Membrane Proteins (2 credits). F,W,S
Seminar on recent research on membrane proteins, with an emphasis on ion-pumping ATPase. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. May be repeated for credit. B. Bowman

280Y. Developmental Neurobiology of C. elegans (2 credits). F,W,S
An intensive seminar concerning molecular genetic analysis of neural development and plasticity of the nematode worm C. elegans. Participants are required to present results of their own research and to review relevant research. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 18. May be repeated for credit. Y. Jin

281A. Topics in Basic and Applied Marine Ecology. F,W,S
Seminar focusing on concepts in basic and applied ecology. Structure rotates quarterly between graduate student research and readings of journal articles and textbooks. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. M. Carr

281B. Topics in Molecular Evolution (2 credits). F,W,S
A discussion of current research and literature review on the subject of molecular evolution. Primary focus on recent results on molecular phylogenetics and molecular population genetics. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. G. Bernardi

281C. Topics in Physiological Ecology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar focusing on the interaction between physiological constraint and life history options and solutions employed by animals. Topics vary from comparative physiology to ecological theory. Participants are required to present results of their own research or review papers of interest. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. D. Costa

281F. Ecological Research Topics. F,W,S
Intensive research and discussions on plant-animal interactions. All students undertake a research project and meet weekly with the faculty sponsor to monitor progress. The group meets weekly to discuss experimental design and analysis, specific problems related to the students' research, relevant research papers, or manuscripts that the group members are writing. Each student gives a formal presentation of research plans or progress each quarter. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. L. Fox

281J. Topics in Research on Biochemical Ecology. F,W,S
Seminar in which students give critically evaluated presentations regarding current research on selected topics in plant ecology with an emphasis on biochemical ecology. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 12. May be repeated for credit. J. Langenheim

281L. Topics in Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar on selected topics in behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Students are expected to discuss the current literature and present literature reviews, research proposals, and preliminary results from their ongoing research. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. B. Lyon

281N. Topics in Marine Vertebrate Ecology. F,W,S
Seminar on the ecology of marine vertebrates. Topics vary from the factors that explain the distribution of marine predators to island biogeography and the ecosystem effects of introduced vertebrates on islands. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 12. May be repeated for credit. D. Croll

281P. Topics in Plant Population Ecology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar on selected topics in plant ecology and population biology. Students present results from their own research and discuss recent advances from the literature. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission from instructor. Enrollment limited to 12. May be repeated for credit. I. Parker

281Q. Topics in Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. F,W,S
An intensive seminar on selected topics in molecular evolutionary genetics. Students are required to present results from their own research projects, present a critical review paper at least once during the quarter, and submit a written research proposal. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduate students may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. G. Pogson

281R. Topics in Marine Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar series focusing on fundamental concepts in marine ecology. Emphasis changes quarter to quarter. At least one quarter per year is devoted to discussion of graduate student research. Other quarters involve reading and evaluating current and classic literature on marine ecology and evolutionary biology. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. P. Raimondi

281T. Species Interactions and Coevolution. F,W,S
The genetics and ecological structure of species interactions, and the role of coevolution between species in shaping biodiversity. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 15. May be repeated for credit. J. Thompson

281U. Topics in Invertebrate Biology. F,W,S
An intensive study about concepts, theory, and techniques for graduate students conducting research on the ecology, genetics, evolution, systematics, or biodiversity of marine invertebrates. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; advanced undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 15. May be repeated for credit. D. Potts

281V. Topics in Behavioral Ecology. F,W,S
A discussion of current topics and methods in behavioral ecology and life history evolution. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 12. B. Sinervo

281W. Topics in Exercise and Environmental Physiology. F,W,S
A weekly seminar discussion on current research and techniques in mammalian exercise and environmental physiology. Areas covered include locomotor physiology, exercise testing and cardiovascular monitoring, and biomechanics. Oral presentation of ongoing research or current literature required from each student. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 10. T. Williams

286. Experimental Design and Data Analysis. W
Focuses on problems and designs in ecology and population biology. Topics include basic experimental design; exploratory data analysis-from a graphical perspective; hands-on statistics; and graphical theory. Structured around a statistical analysis and graphics computer program to teach students to design their own surveys and experiments and analyze their data correctly. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 186. Prerequisite(s): one course in statistics or by permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 20. P. Raimondi

286L. Experimental Design and Data Analysis Lab (2 credits). W
Required lab that accomplanies Biology 286. Lab will focus on hands-on statistical problem solving, graphical presentations and experimental design issues. Concurrent enrollment in course 286 is required. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 20. P. Raimondi

289. Practice of Science. W
Examination of ethical and practical scientific issues, including the collection and treatment of data, attribution of credit, plagiarism, fraud, and peer review. Career issues, including how to apply for grants and positions in industry or academia, will be discussed. Prerequisite(s): courses 200A, 200B, and 200C or permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; undergraduates may enroll with permission of the instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. J. Tamkun

290. Proseminar.
Special topics offered from time to time by visiting professors or staff members. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. The Staff

291. Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Seminar (2 credits). F,W,S
Topics of current interest in molecular, cellular, and developmental biology are presented weekly by graduate students, faculty, and guest speakers. (Formerly course 291A.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 60. May be repeated for credit. M. Zuniga

292. MCD Seminar (no credit). F,W,S
Various topics by weekly guest speakers. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Zuniga

293. Readings in Ecology and Evolution (2 credits). W,S
Weekly readings and discussions of recent research papers in ecology, evolution, and related topics from organismal biology. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

294. Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Seminar (no credit). F,W,S
Selected topics of current interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists presented by weekly guest speakers. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. The Staff

295. Advanced Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Seminar (no credit). F,W,S
Course consists of extended weekly meetings organized around an advanced theme in theoretical or applied evolutionary biology, ecology, physiology, behavior, or other aspect of oranismal biology. Course is targeted at students who already have reached a professional level of expertise in their field and advanced master students. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 24. I. Parker

296. Laboratory Research in Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology. F,W,S
Independent laboratory research in molecular, cellular, and developmental biology. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

297. Independent Study. F,W,S
Independent study for graduate students who have not yet settled on a research area for their thesis. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff

299. Thesis Research. F,W,S
Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff 

*Not offered in 2006-07