Environmental Studies

15. Natural History of the UCSC Campus (2 credits). S
Introduces students to the range of natural species and communities occurring on the UCSC campus. All class time is spent outside, and each week a different area of campus is visited. Course 24 is recommended. Enrollment limited to 21. The Staff

23. The Physical and Chemical Environment. S
Introduces students to basic physical and chemical processes that govern the structure and function of ecosystems. Topics to be covered include climate and weather, soil types and their formation, and biogeochemical cycles. (General Education Code(s): IN.) W. Cheng

24. General Ecology. F
Covers principles of ecology including limits to species abundances, evolutionary ecology, population dynamics, community interactions and patterns, and ecosystem patterns and dynamics. (General Education Code(s): IN.) The Staff

25. Political Economy and the Environment. W
Environmental policy issues are situated within historical developments in political and economic systems. Introduces some of the key concepts of politics and economics by way of examining the processes which have given rise to environmental issues, their social and political perception, and institutional responses. (General Education Code(s): IS.) B. Haddad

42. Student-Directed Seminar. F,W,S
Seminars taught by upper-division students under faculty supervision. (See course 192.) The Staff

80A. The Future of Rain Forests. S
A broad overview of both ecological and social aspects related to tropical rain forests drawing on case studies worldwide. Topics include the biology and distribution of rain forests, causes and effects of their destruction, and management options to facilitate their conservation. (General Education Code(s): T7-Natural Sciences or Social Sciences.) D. Letourneau

80B. The Ecological Forecast for Global Warming. F
A broad overview of the impacts of human activities on the global climate system. Topics include how climate affects the distribution of ecosystems, the influence of global climate change on biodiversity, ecosystem function, and consequences for the human enterprise. (General Education Code(s): T7-Natural Sciences or Social Sciences.)
M. Loik

80C. Wilderness and the American West. *
Analyzes nature preservation in the West, particularly federal public lands policies. Examines contrasting perceptions of "wilderness," the nature preservation movement, enactment of federal legislation, California and Alaska wilderness issues, critiques of enclave approaches to nature, plus current and emerging problems. (General Education Code(s): T3-Social Sciences.) The Staff

83. Environmental Studies Internship. F,W,S
A supervised off-campus learning experience related to environmental problem solving. Focuses on initial experiences in applied work and specific skill development. Students may be placed individually or with a team in government agencies, private organizations, citizen action groups. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

84. Environmental Studies Internship (2 credits). F,W,S
Supervised learning experience designed to introduce environmental issues and problem solving. Places students with governmental and nongovernmental agencies, private organizations, schools, or in specialized apprenticeships. Two-unit internship intended to focus interest and to develop skills for more advanced work. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

93. Field Study. F,W,S
Supervised research or organized projects for lower-division students conducted off campus within regular commuting distance of the campus. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

93F. Field Study (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for department-sponsored individual field study for lower-division students in the vicinity of the campus under the direct supervision of a faculty sponsor. May not be counted toward major requirements. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

99. Tutorial. F,W,S
Directed reading, supervised research, and organized projects relating to environmental problems. May be repeated for credit with consent of the chairperson of Environmental Studies Department. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff

99F. Tutorial (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for department-sponsored directed reading, supervised research, or organized project for lower-division students under the direct supervision of a faculty sponsor. May not be counted toward major requirements. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

Upper-Division Courses

100. Ecology and Society. F
Introduction to environmental issues in an interdisciplinary matrix. Focuses on three issues at the intersection of ecological questions and social institutions: agroecology and sustainable agriculture; population growth, economic growth, and environmental degradation; and biodiversity conservation and land management. Reviews the important roles of disciplinary abstraction and of the application of that knowledge to context-dependent explanation of environmental problems. Prerequisite(s): course 23 or Chemistry 1A or 1B or 15 on Chemistry Placement Exam; course 24 or Biology 20C; course 25; and Applied Mathematics and Statistics 5 or 7. Concurrent enrollment in 100L is required. D. Kelso, E. Zavaleta

100L. Ecology and Society Writing Laboratory (2 credits). F
Required writing lab accompanying course 100. Students are introduced to writing in different styles and for different audiences typical of the ecosystem-society interface. Course 100 writing assignments are developed, written, and revised in conjunction with the lab. W credit is granted only upon successful completion of course 100. Prerequisite(s): course 23 or Chemistry 1A or 1B or 15 on Chemistry Placement Exam; course 24 or Biology 20C; course 25; and Applied Mathematics and Statistics 5 or 7. Satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements. Enrollment limited to 20. (General Education Code(s): W.) S. Rabkin, D. Kelso, E. Zavaleta

104A. Introduction to Environmental Field Methods. S
A course in basic field skills including habitat description, behavior observation, specimen collection techniques, mapping and map interpretation, vegetation analysis, population sampling, microclimate measurement, soil and water sampling. Emphasis on use of the scientific method; experimental design, data handling, statistical analysis and presentation; and basic field methodologies. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements, course 100 or 24 or Biology 20C, and Applied Mathematics and Statistics 5 or 7. Enrollment limited to 44. (General Education Code(s): W.) M. Fusari

105. Biology and Ecology of the Vertebrates. W
An introduction to the fundamentals of vertebrate biology and ecology including evolutionary history, basic anatomy and physiology, systematics, ecology and major specializations for locomotion, reproduction, homeostasis, energy balance, and thermoregulation. Prerequisite to the 106 series. Concurrent enrollment in 105L is required. (Also offered as Biology 138. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): course 24, Biology 20C, or 150; basic biology is recommended. Concurrent enrollment in 105L is required. Enrollment restricted to biological science majors, environmental studies majors, and students in the combined majors with biology, Enrollment limited to 50. M. Fusari

105L. Biology and Ecology of the Vertebrates Laboratory (2 credits). W
Covers the basics of vertebrate anatomy and taxonomy with emphasis on local species identification. Lab includes a weekly film series and two Saturday trips to the California Academy of Sciences. Concurrent enrollment in course 105 is required. Prerequisite to the 106 series. (Also offered as Biology 138L. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): course 24, Biology 20C, or 150. Concurrent enrollment in course 105 is required. Enrollment restricted to biological science majors, environmental studies majors, and students in the combined majors with biology, Earth sciences, Enrollment limited to 12. M. Fusari

107A. Natural History Field Quarter. *
A 15-unit field course that uses California wild lands to develop skills of natural history observation and interpretation. Students gain the ability to identify plants, animals, vegetation types, and landscapes, as well as address the complex issues of preservation and management of these resources. Enrollment limited to 24. Offered in alternate academic years. S. Gliessman

107B. Natural History Field Quarter. *
A 15-unit field course that uses California wild lands to develop skills of natural history observation and interpretation. Students gain the ability to identify plants, animals, vegetation types, and landscapes, as well as address the complex issues of preservation and management of these resources. Enrollment limited to 24. S. Gliessman

107C. Natural History Field Quarter. *
A 15-unit field course that uses California wild lands to develop skills of natural history observation and interpretation. Students gain the ability to identify plants, animals, vegetation types, and landscapes, as well as address the complex issues of preservation and management of these resources. Enrollment limited to 24. S. Gliessman

108. General Entomology. F
Introduction to entomology including anatomy, physiology, systematics, evolution, behavior, and reproduction of the world's most diverse group of organisms. These topics are illustrated in several contexts, from the importance of insects as disease vectors to the historical and contemporary uses of insects by humans. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. D. Letourneau

108L. General Entomology Laboratory (2 credits). F
Laboratory sections are devoted to the identification of insects. Individual collections representing 15 orders, sight identification of 60 families, and use of taxonomic keys for positive designations required. Concurrent enrollment in course 108 is required. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. D. Letourneau

110. Institutions, the Environment, and Economic Systems. *
Debate about environmental policy is often couched in economic terms. Environmental issues have become questions of political economy, as they influence international and domestic policy and reflect on the functioning of the market system. Examines the assumptions and implications of alternative approaches to political economy, as these pertain to questions of environmental policy and political institutions. Prerequisite(s): course 25 or Economics 1 or 2. M. Fitzsimmons

115A. Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Applications. F
Introduction to geographic information systems (GIS) as the technology of processing spatial data, including input, storage and retrieval; manipulation and analysis; reporting and interpretation. Emphasizes GIS as a decision support system for environmental and social problem solving, using basic model building, experimental design, and database management. Prerequisite(s): Engineering 5 or 7. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies majors and students majoring in the combined majors. Course 115L is required. A course in computer science, Earth sciences, mathematics, or geography is recommended. Enrollment limited to 40. B. Fulfrost

115L. Exercises in Geographic Information Systems (2 credits). F
Exercises in Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing that demonstrate the development of digital geographic data. Students gain hands-on experience with developing datasets, using imagery to create GIS layers, performing spatial analysis, and utilizing GPS technology. Emphasis placed on environmental applications. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies majors and students majoring in the combined majors with biology, Earth sciences, and economics. Concurrent enrollment in course 115A required. B. Fulfrost

120. Conservation Biology. F
Biological principles and their application to conservation with emphasis on the loss of biodiversity. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C or Biology 150. A course in statistics is strongly recommended and calculus is recommended as additional preparation. Enrollment limited to 70. E. Zavaleta

122. Tropical Ecology and Conservation. *
An introduction to the ecological processes, principles, and players of tropical ecosystems, and to conservation issues facing tropical American forests. We will look at how tropical ecosystems work, roles of humans in shaping them, and current conservation opportunities and dilemmas. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C or 150. A course in statistics and precalculus is recommended. G. Gilbert

129. Integrated Pest Management. S
Provides an extensive coverage of applied ecology, pest control technology, and the social, political, and economic factors regulating the ideologies and practice of pest management. Topics include agroecosystem design and population regulation of insects, weeds, vertebrates, and pathogens; field monitoring, chemical and biological control; economic thresholds, decision-making processes, and the role of agribusiness. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements, course 24 or Biology 20C or 150. A course in general entomology is recommended. (General Education Code(s): W.) S. Swezey

129L. Integrated Pest Management Laboratory (2 credits). S
Field trips and field exercises that demonstrate the practice of integrated pest management techniques. Individual and group projects provide hands-on experience with field sampling techniques, pest identification, recognition of biological control agents, experimental design, interview techniques, data interpretation and field report writing. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C or 150; concurrent enrollment in course 129. S. Swezey

130A. Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture. F
Ecological concepts and principles are applied to the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems. Alternatives for agriculture are discussed in terms of ecosystem structure and function. A weekly three-hour lab is required. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C or consent of instructor; concurrent enrollment in course 130L. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies and biology majors and students in the combined majors with Earth sciences, biology, and economics. S. Gliessman

130B. Principles of Sustainable Agriculture. W
Agricultural sustainability is examined as a complex set of interactions between ecological, social, and economic components of an agroecosystem. Case studies are drawn from issues facing current U.S. agriculture and a basis for formulating policy for change that ensures sustainability is developed. Prerequisite(s): Restricted to junior and senior majors in environmental studies and the combined majors with Earth sciences, biology, and economics; and to graduate students. M. Fitzsimmons

130L. Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture Laboratory (2 credits). F
Laboratory and field exercises to train in the analysis of ecological processes in agricultural systems, with a focus on the quantification of ecological sustainability. Experimental design, analysis, and data interpretation are emphasized. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C; interview required; bring class and work schedule to first class meeting. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies and biology majors and students in the combined majors with Earth sciences, biology, and economics. S. Gliessman

131. Insect Ecology. *
Advanced course in ecology featuring insect-plant interactions such as herbivory, pollination, and the effects of plants on insect population dynamics. Lectures emphasize current controversies in ecological theory and relate theory to application. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C and Applied Mathematics and Statistics 5 or 7 (formerly Engineering 5 or 7). Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. D. Letourneau

131L. Insect Ecology Laboratory (2 credits). *
Field and laboratory exercises are designed to test hypotheses or demonstrate principles in areas such as behavior, mutualism theory, community ecology, and agricultural ecology. Experimental design, analysis and interpretation of data are emphasized along with observational skills. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C; Applied Mathematics and Statistics 5 or 7 (formerly Engineering 5 or 7); concurrent enrollment in course 131. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. D. Letourneau

133. Agroecology Practicum. W
Lectures and demonstrations are combined with field applications to give students direct experience and knowledge of sustainable agriculture and horticulture practices and principles. UCSC Farm and Garden are the living laboratories for testing agroecological principles. Emphasis is placed on small-farm systems. Prerequisite(s): courses 130A and 130L. Enrollment restricted to majors in environmental studies and the combined majors with Earth sciences, biology and economics. Admission by interview only. Enrollment limited to 25. Offered in alternate academic years. The Staff

138. Field Ethnobotany. S
Lectures, laboratory, and fieldwork examine field botany from a human ecology perspective. Students have the opportunity to learn the skills of field botany and plant identification through the study of plants that are of major significance for human cultures. The emphasis of field skills is on applications to sustainable management of natural resources. Concurrent enrollment in course 138L required. Enrollment limited to 40. Offered in alternate academic years. S. Gliessman

138L. Ethnobotany Laboratory (2 credits). S
Laboratory and field studies allow students to learn the taxonomy of important useful plant families, carry out field studies on local plant use and management practices, and investigate in detail home garden agroecosystems and model systems. Prerequisite(s): concurrent enrollment in course 138 required. Enrollment limited to 40.
S. Gliessman

140. National Environmental Policy. W
An overview of all major federal environmental policy domains. Analyzes political, social, economic, and other forces influencing federal (and some state) public policy responses to land use, natural resources, pollution, and conservation dilemmas. Course 25 and/or Politics 20 strongly recommended as preparation. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to junior and senior environmental studies majors and biology, Earth sciences, and economics combined majors. Enrollment limited to 75. (General Education Code(s): W.) D. Press

141. Natural Resource Economics. F
Application of economic analysis to natural resource policy and management. Topics include welfare economics, property rights and externalities, natural resource valuation, exhaustible and renewable resources, and sustainable development. Economics 1 is strongly recommended as preparation. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies majors and biology, Earth sciences, and economics combined majors. The Staff

143. Sustainable Development: Economy, Policy, and Environment. S
Considers whether and how global poverty can be alleviated without irreparably damaging the environment. Examines interactions among population, economic growth, poverty, global consumption ethos, property rights systems, global economy, state capacity, and environmental damage. Scrutinizes impact of various developmental strategies adopted during the past 50 years on poverty, governance, and the environment. Prerequisite(s): course 141 or equivalent. A. Richards

149. Environmental Law and Policy. S
Surveys a wide range of topics in environmental law, including population control, state and federal jurisdiction, land and resources control, public land management, pollution control, and private rights and remedies. Students read a large number of judicial cases and other legal documents. (Also offered as Legal Studies 149. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to juniors and seniors majoring in environmental studies and environmental studies combined majors. Enrollment limited to 60. (General Education Code(s): W.) D. Kelso

151. Environmental Assessment. S
Introduction to methods for determining the use capability, suitability, and feasibility of terrestrial and marine environments. Emphasis on quantitative and qualitative methods for the identification, prediction, and evaluation of environmental changes produced by human activities. Analysis and critique of public policy and planning as mechanisms for minimizing adverse environmental changes by regulating human conduct. Development of strategies for effective application of environmental factors in the public decision-making process. Prerequisite(s): course 100. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies majors and biology, Earth sciences, and economics combined majors. A. Schiffrin

152. Science and Land Use Decisions. *
Technical and policy dimensions of major land use decisions will be assessed through a detailed case study. Technical review will stress geological constraints; policy review will stress the CEQA process. The initial case study will be the reuse of Ford Ord. One field trip is required. Prerequisite(s): one of courses 140, 149, 151 (recommended), 165 or Earth Sciences 20. J. Gill

156. Environmental Action through Writing. W
Guided practice in writing skills useful to environmental activists. Assignments emphasize thinking quickly, revising adeptly, researching resourcefully, and tempering powerful passions with careful arguments. Toward the development of effective individual voices, students read each other's drafts as well as the published work of established writers. Enrollment priority will be given to students who have not taken course 157. Prerequisite(s): course 100/L or concurrent enrollment, satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to majors in environmental studies and the combined majors with Earth sciences, biology and economics. Enrollment limited to 28. (General Education Code(s): W.) S. Rabkin

157. Writing in the Natural Sciences. S
Guided practice in writing effectively about science and natural history for a variety of audiences. Assignments emphasize reporting first-hand observations, explaining processes and phenomena, understanding scientific papers, and writing about scientific and technical subjects for a general audience. Enrollment priority will be given to students who have not taken course 156. Prerequisite(s): course 100/L or concurrent enrollment, satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to majors in environmental studies and the combined majors with Earth sciences, biology, and economics. Enrollment limited to 28. (General Education Code(s): W.) S. Rabkin

159. Nature Literature. W
Introduction to 19th- and 20th-century American writers who have influenced our understanding of humans' place in the natural world. Readings include original works as well as biographical and critical texts. Discussions, field trips, and writing assignments emphasize active learning. Prerequisite(s): course 100 and satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies, environmental studies/biology, environmental studies/earth sciences, and environmental studies/economics majors. Enrollment limited to 40.
S. Rabkin

160. Restoration Ecology. F
A multidisciplinary overview of restoring degraded ecosystems. Among the topics addressed are linkages between ecological principles and restoration, planning and implementing restoration projects, evaluating restoration success, and case studies of restoration of specific ecosystem types. Participation in one work day is required. Prerequisite(s): course 23 or Chemistry 1A or 1B and course 24 or Biology 20C. Enrollment limited to 40. K. Holl

160L. Restoration Ecology Laboratory (2 credits). *
Provides hands-on experience in restoration ecology to complement lecture material in course 160. Students work on implementing, monitoring, and evaluating a number of restoration projects in the vicinity of UCSC. Concurrent enrollment in course 160 is required. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C, and courses 23 and 25. Concurrent enrollment in course 160 is required. Enrollment limited to 15. K. Holl

161A. Soils and Plant Nutrition. *
Provides fundamentals of soils and plant nutrition. The physical, biological, and chemical components of soils are investigated in relation to their ecological functions, fertility to plants, and sustainable management. Prerequisite(s): course 23 or Chemistry 1A or 1B. Enrollment limited to 35. W. Cheng

161L. Soils and Plant Nutrition Laboratory (2 credits). *
Practice analytical techniques for evaluation of physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. Grow plants to observe some typical symptoms of plant nutrient deficiencies. Prerequisite(s): course 23 or Chemistry 1A or 1B. Concurrent enrollment in course 161A is required. Enrollment limited to 18. W. Cheng

162. Plant Physiological Ecology. *
Introduces the theory of plant interactions with the physical environment. Emphasizes influence of abiotic stresses on the recruitment, survival, growth, productivity, and reproduction of plants. Prior course work in ecology and/or plant physiology is recommended. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C and Applied Mathematics and Statistics 5 or 7 (formerly Engineering 5 or 7). Enrollment limited to 24. M. Loik

162L. Plant Physiological Ecology Laboratory (2 credits). *
Introduces techniques for the study of plant interactions with the physical environment. Examines the role of stress on energy budgets, water relations, photosynthesis, and reproductive allocation. Emphasizes experimental design, field techniques, and instrumentation during field trips to local chaparral and grassland ecosystems. Prior course work in ecology and/or plant physiology is recommended. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C; and Engineering 5 or 7 (formerly Mathematics 5 or 7). Enrollment limited to 24. M. Loik

163. Plant Disease Ecology. S
Introduction to ecological roles of plant diseases, including their importance in regulating plant population dynamics, community diversity, and system function in natural ecosystems; considerations of plant diseases in conservation ecology; and ecological approaches to managing diseases in agroecosystems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 263. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C or 150. A statistics course is strongly recommended. G. Gilbert

163L. Plant Disease Ecology Lab (2 credits). S
Introduction to techniques for studying plant diseases, including detection, isolation, cultivation, and identification of important groups of plant pathogens, completing Koch's postulates; diseases assessment techniques; experimental manipulation of plant-pathogen systems; and basic epidemiological tools. One field trip required. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C or 150; concurrent enrollment in course 163 required. A statistics course strongly recommended. Enrollment limited to 24.
G. Gilbert

164. Alaska Environments, Peoples, and Policies. W
Examines Alaska environments/ecosystems, Native/Euro-American history, and environmental policy. Explores selected materials from natural and social sciences, history, Alaska Native oral traditions, natural resources law, and current policy proposals. Prepares students for internships and senior research in or about Alaska. One or more of the following courses is recommended: 80C, 100, 104, 120, 123, 140, 149, 160, or 161. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor: quality of preparation and prior course work. Enrollment restricted to junior and senior environmental studies majors and biology, Earth sciences, and economics combined majors. Enrollment limited to 16. D. Kelso

165. Freshwater Issues and Policy. *
Concepts, vocabulary, and skills necessary to the analysis of freshwater issues are introduced from hydrology, ecology, law, economics, engineering, and other disciplines. The skills are then applied to case studies involving local, state, and international freshwater conflicts and crises. Prerequisite(s): courses 23 and 25. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies majors and biology, Earth sciences, and economics combined majors. B. Haddad

166. Agroecosystem Analysis and Watershed Management. S
Explores a range of approaches to examine agroecosystem function, watershed management, and concepts of sustainability. Uses a combination of lecture, demonstration, field work, and field trips to illustrate approaches to analysis of managed ecosystems behavior and the integration of biophysical and socio-political knowledge to aid in watershed management. Prerequisite(s): course 130A/L or 130B or 129 or 133 or 160 or 167. Enrollment restricted to junior and senior environmental studies/combined majors. A 2-unit concurrent internship is strongly recommended. Enrollment limited to 30. C. Shennan

167. Freshwater and Wetland Ecology. *
Field and lecture course teaches the physical and biological patterns and processes in freshwater and wetland systems, primarily focusing on Central Coast systems from headwaters to coastal marshes. Prerequisite(s): course 24 or Biology 20C and Chemistry 1A. Enrollment limited to 30. The Staff

168. Biogeochemistry and the Global Environment. W
Studies biogeochemical cycles and related environmental issues such as global environmental change, eutrophication, ecosystem degradation, and agricultural sustainability. Discusses transformation and movement of major nutrient elements in context of watershed ecology and societal implications. Prerequisite(s): course 23 or Chemistry 1A or 1B or 1C. W. Cheng

172. Science, Policy, and the Environment. F
Introduces students to the dilemmas of science-based environmental policy and discusses their underlying philosophical underpinnings. Explores emergent alternatives, such as the precautionary principle and alternatives assessment, and examines the relationship between experts and the lay public in public controversies. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements. (General Education Code(s): W.) S. Rajan

173. An Introduction to World Environmental History.
Introduces students to some of the central issues in world environmental history such as: human attitudes toward the natural environment; the role of human societies, their institutions and technologies in changing the face of the earth; and the historical impact of environmental and developmental policies on race, class, and gender differences in a variety of human communities across the world. Prerequisite(s): course 100. Enrollment limited to 30. The Staff

179. Environmental Interpretation. S
A field course in theory and practice of environmental interpretation in parks, museums, and school programs with special attention to local natural history and children. Students will work to define their own interpretive philosophy, skills, and style. Background in natural history and/or experience working with children recommended. Preference given to juniors. Prerequisite(s): course 100. Concurrent enrollment in course 184 required. Preference given to juniors. Enrollment limited to 18. The Staff

181. Arboretum Internship. *
Supervised learning experience working with the faculty and staff, utilizing facilities of the UCSC Arboretum. Students learn general horticultural techniques through work at the Arboretum. They also gain specialized knowledge of plant conservation, systematics, habitat restoration, and plant care. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biology 20C and permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit.
The Staff

183. Environmental Studies Internship.
A supervised off-campus learning experience related to environmental problem solving. Students may work with government agencies, private organizations, citizen action groups, or in specialized apprenticeships on an individual or team basis. Internship intended for environmental studies majors. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor. Students submit petition to course sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

183B. Senior Internship. F,W,S
Open to declared majors only, this course combines fieldwork at an off-campus agency and a comprehensive analytical paper produced for the agency. Equivalent to a thesis in terms of the depth and quality of the work expected, it is combined with a 5-credit internship. Concurrent enrollment in course 183 required. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies majors and the combined majors with Earth sciences, biology and economics. The Staff

184. Environmental Studies Internship (2 credits). F,W,S
A supervised learning experience related to environmental problem solving. Students may work with government agencies, private organizations, citizen action groups, or in specialized apprenticeships on an individual or team basis. This 2-credit internship focuses on specific skill development and must be connected to another internship, thesis, or course-except in rare circumstances for which students must petition. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

190. Capstone Course: Environment and Culture. W
A synthetic course that draws on the knowledge and skills students bring from other courses in the major. Focuses on written and oral individual and group projects in which students must take the initiative. Emphasizes developing skills critical for students in their future careers. Prerequisite(s): course 100. Enrollment restricted to senior environmental studies majors and the combined majors with Earth sciences, biology, and economics. K. Holl

192. Directed Student Teaching. F,W,S
Teaching a lower-division seminar. (See course 42.) Prerequisite(s): upper-division standing; permission of environmental studies faculty member and chairperson of department. The Staff

193. Field Study. F,W,S
Supervised research or organized projects relating to environmental problems, supplemented by guided individual study. May be repeated for credit with consent of the chairperson of environmental studies. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

193F. Field Study (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for department-sponsored individual field study in the vicinity of the campus under the direct supervision of a faculty sponsor. May not be counted toward major requirements. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

194. Teaching Environmental Studies. F,W,S
This provides an opportunity to participate in the preparation and teaching of introductory environmental studies courses. Students will have significant responsibility in leading discussion sections. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff

195A. Senior Research. F,W,S
An individually supervised course, with emphasis on independent research that either results in a thesis or project or is done in conjunction with a senior internship. In order to receive credit, students must turn in two bound copies of the final write-up. Satisfies the senior comprehensive requirement. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff

195B. Senior Thesis Group. F,W,S
Students involved in group or individual research that results in a senior thesis or project or done in conjunction with an internship meet regularly with their faculty sponsor to discuss the progress of their work, to receive academic and technical guidance, and to critique one another's written work. To receive credit the student must submit two bound copies of the completed research and write-up. Satisfies the senior comprehensive requirement. Students must discuss details with faculty sponsor. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff

196B. Senior Seminar: Methods in Environmental Policy Analysis. *
Introduction to some of the tools in environmental policy analysis, ranging from quantitative techniques (drawing on economics and statistics) to cross-cutting, qualitative designs. Students perform policy analysis exercises throughout the quarter and evaluate normative dimensions of competing analytic techniques. Prerequisite(s): instructor determination based on student's academic background. Enrollment limited to 18. The Staff

196D. Senior Seminar: Risks, Values, and Choices. *
Advanced readings and research on environmental risk and public choice and policy. Builds on course 172 and explores the values and choices implicit in conventional risk assessment methodologies as well as those in emergent alternatives, such as the precautionary principle. Prerequisite(s): course 172 and interview to determine level of preparation and appropriateness of background. Enrollment restricted to senior and graduate environmental studies majors and Earth sciences, biology, and economics combined majors. Enrollment limited to 20. S. Rajan

196E. Senior Seminar: Advanced Agroecosystem Analysis. *
Explores a range of approaches to examine agroecosystem function and concepts of sustainability. The Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems farm and its surrounding habitat will be the major focus of independent or group field research, but off-site locations may also be studied. Students will learn field and analytical techniques, formulate a research project, design a data collection scheme, conduct research, and provide a written analysis and discussion of their results. Prerequisite(s): course 130A or 130B. Enrollment limited to 15. C. Shennan

196K. Senior Seminar: Sustainable Development in Developing Countries. *
Analyzes selected topics in policy issues surrounding sustainable development in developing countries. Theoretical issues/definitions of "sustainability" will be examined, and concrete cases of environmental and natural resource policy choices will be analyzed. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor only with assessment of level and suitability of prior coursework. Enrollment limited to 20. A. Richards

196P. Senior Seminar: Regional Foodshed Research Practicum. W
This course involves supervised individual and group interdisciplinary research on ecological and social justice dimensions of food production and community food security in the Monterey Bay region. Students are expected to actively engage with regional actors, local agencies, and community programs. Prerequisite(s): interview to determine background and interest in doing advanced field research on local agro-food issues with assessment of quality of work in relevant courses. Enrollment limited to 15. May be repeated for credit. D. Goodman

196R. Advanced Research Topics in Applied Ecology. S
Faculty-facilitated research projects conducted within a central theme to satisfy the senior exit writing requirement. Themes have theoretical and applied components and encompass multiple disciplinary approaches. Examples include "Forest Ecology and Exploitation" and "Transgenic technologies: Science and Policy." Prerequisite(s): student must present theme-based research ideas in interview with instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. D. Letourneau

196V. Senior Seminar: Organic Agriculture Theory and Practice. W
Interdisciplinary research seminar examining scientific theory and practice of organic agriculture in both biological and social contexts. Research emphasis placed on ecology of organically-managed agroecosystems and the growing market and consumption of organic commodities. Prerequisite(s): course 129, or 130A or 133 or 161; interview to determine level of preparation and appropriateness of background. Enrollment restricted to senior environmental studies majors and the combined majors with biology, Earth sciences, and economics. Enrollment limited to 15. S. Gliessman, S. Swezey

198. Independent Field Study. F,W,S
Student's supervision is conducted by a regularly appointed officer of instruction by means other than usual supervision in person (e.g., by correspondence) or student is doing all or most of the course work off campus. Prerequisite(s): suitable preparation for fieldwork and facility and competence in subject matter area; students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

198F. Independent Field Study (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for department-sponsored individual field study off campus for which faculty supervision is not in person but by correspondence. May not be counted toward major requirements. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

199. Tutorial. F,W,S
Advanced directed reading, supervised research, and organized projects relating to environmental problems. May be repeated for credit with consent of the chair of environmental studies. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

199F. Tutorial (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for department-sponsored directed reading, supervised research, or organized project under the direct supervision of a faculty sponsor. May not be counted toward major requirements. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

Graduate Courses

201A. Keywords and Concepts. F
Two-quarter course introduces keywords and concepts that underlie interdisciplinary work in environmental studies through lectures, directed readings, and discussion. Modules include resonant concepts in ecology and society; ecology and evolution; environment and development; the global environment and society; agroecology and conservation biology; and public policy, economics, and law. Final grade for both courses assigned at the end of the second quarter. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. W. Cheng, B. Haddad, D. Letourneau, G. Gilbert, S. Rajan, M. Fitzsimmons

201B. Keywords and Concepts. W
Two-quarter course introduces keywords and concepts that underlie interdisciplinary work in environmental studies through lectures, directed readings, and discussion. Modules include resonant concepts in ecology and society; ecology and evolution; environment and development; the global environment and society; agroecology and conservation biology; and public policy, economics, and law. Final grade for both courses assigned at the end of the second quarter. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. W. Cheng, B. Haddad, D. Letourneau, G. Gilbert, S. Rajan, M. Fitzsimmons

201M. Interdisciplinary Research Methods (3 credits). S
This seminar focuses on the challenges of undertaking research in an interdisciplinary environment. Students analyze the conventions of their research communities, frame and focus research questions, evaluate appropriate methodologies for field, laboratory, and archival research to develop a research proposal. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Fitzsimmons

201N. Interdisciplinary Research Design in Environmental Studies (3 credits). S
Provides students with opportunities to learn research protocols, practices, and methods used in environmental studies. Combination of lectures, reading, practical exercises, and short projects used to explore how these methods can best be incorporated into interdisciplinary research designs. (Formerly Interdisciplinary Research Design. ). Enrollment restricted to graduate students. G. Gilbert

210. Political Ecological Thought and Environment. F
Provides an introduction to social scientific analyses of the relationships between capitalistic development and the environment in the late twentieth century. It has a dual purpose: First, to develop a contemporary historical understanding and sensibility of how economic change, new institutional configurations, and world scale processes are shaping interactions with the environment. Second, to examine some recent political social theoretical perspectives on nature-society relations and radical environmental and social movements. Enrollment restricted to graduate students in environmental studies. A. Richards

220. Conservation Biology. F
The principles of conservation biology, including a review of the core disciplines of demography, population genetics, island biogeography, and community ecology and discussion of area and edge effects, population viability, and ecosystem issues related to the maintenance of biological diversity, especially in fragmented landscapes. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies graduate students. Enrollment limited to 20. K. Holl, G. Gilbert

230. Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture. W
The application of ecological concepts and principles to the design and management of agricultural systems. The long-term goal of sustainable agroecosystems is examined in economic, social, and ecological contexts. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies graduate students. C. Shennan

235. Social Theories of Nature. *
Intensive reading and discussion seminar on the treatment of nature in social theory. Focuses on major recent works which examine nature in social theory, in themselves, and in the context of the intellectual history of development of disciplinary discourses about nature. Students write critical reviews of assigned books and a research paper situating a particular book within its intellectual tradition. Prerequisite(s): interview with instructor to determine preparedness. Enrollment limited to 15. May be repeated for credit. M. Fitzsimmons

240. Public Policy and Conservation. S
Introduction to political and economic approaches to policy analysis, with particular reference to natural resource scarcity, property rights, and environmental conservation. Case studies apply economic and policy process concepts to the management of public lands, biodiversity, and renewable resources. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies graduate students. D. Press

247. Regional Approaches to Environmental Policy. *
A research seminar combining theoretical issues in democratic theory, political economy, and planning with emerging concepts of bioregionalism. The focus is on institutional, scientific, and political innovations in managing the environment. Students evaluate current and historical proposals to regionalize environmental policy in the U.S. Enrollment restricted to environmental studies graduate students. Enrollment limited to 15. R. Sanchez-Rodriguez

263. Plant Disease Ecology. *
Introduction to ecological roles of plant diseases, including their importance in regulating plant populations dynamics, community diversity and system function in natural ecosystems, considerations of plant diseases in conservation ecology, and ecological approaches to managing diseases in agroecosystems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 163. Prerequisite(s): one ecology course. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. G. Gilbert

271. Valuing the Environment. *
Intensive seminar examining the normative underpinnings of environmental values. Draws on tools from analytical, ethical, and political philosophy to develop normative arguments concerning environmental inequality and justice, environmental preservation, and risk evaluation. Involves team projects in which students develop cases on controversial contemporary issues such as biotechnology. Prerequisite(s): interview only. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 20. May be repeated for credit. S. Rajan, D. Guevara

280. Advanced Topics in Environmental Studies. F,W,S
Intensive research seminar, including reading and critique of primary research literature and research in progress. Topics vary and are announced in advance; students should consult with faculty prior to enrolling. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

281C. Advanced Readings in Risk and Public Policy. *
Advanced readings and research on environmental risk and public policy. Explores environmental decision making given the question of the burden of proof and scientific uncertainty and grapples, in an advanced manner, with emergent policy alternatives, such as the precautionary principle. Also offered as course 291C for 3 credits. Prerequisite(s): course 172 or equivalent work demonstrated by an interview. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 10. S. Rajan

283. Environmental Studies Internship. F,W,S
Graduate level internship focuses on integrating interdisciplinary academic theory with practical, specialized experience in a professional setting. Course intended for environmental studies graduate students; students must complete paperwork and meet with coordinator prior to first day of instruction. The Staff

290. Interdisciplinary Research Seminar (2 credits). F,W,S
Research seminars presented weekly throughout the year by environmental studies and affiliated faculty, by visiting scholars, and by graduate students. Students discuss the content and methodology of research presented following each seminar. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. May be repeated for credit. G. Gilbert

290L. Graduate Research Seminar (2 credits). F,W,S
Graduate student presentations of doctoral research proposals, dissertation work-in-progress, grant applications, and conference papers. This weekly laboratory meeting seeks to develop professional skills, teach constructive criticism, and foster effective discussion among peers. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Loik

291. Advanced Readings in Environmental Studies (3 credits). F,W,S
Focusing on a recently published volume or on a topic of current interest, this seminar requires a rigorous analysis of the principles and methods employed in the four core areas of the program: sustainable agriculture and agro-ecology; conservation biology; environmental policy analysis; and political economy. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

291C. Advanced Readings in Risk and Public Policy (3 credits). *
Advanced readings and research on environmental risk and public policy. Explores environmental decision making given the question of the burden of proof and scientific uncertainty and grapples, in an advanced manner, with emergent policy alternatives, such as the precautionary principle. Also offered as course 281C for 5 credits. Prerequisite(s): course 172 or equivalent work demonstrated by an interview. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. S. Rajan

291D. Advanced Readings in Tropical Ecology, Agriculture, and
Development (3 credits). *
Analyzes recent publications in ecology, conservation, agroecology, and development in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly Latin America. Discussions place special emphasis on integration across natural and social science disciplines to address issues of sustainability in tropical regions. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. The Staff

291M. Advanced Readings in Biogeochemistry (3 credits). *
Course consists of three parts: fundamental biogeochemistry of the Earth, global cycles of nutrient elements, and societal and scientific issues of global change. Class activities include (1) presentation of summary statements based on reading assignments; (2) discussion of theories, concepts, methodologies, and applications; (3) computer simulation and modeling of elemental cycles using STELLA; and (4) integration of scientific information on global change with social issues by writing. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. W. Cheng

291P. Advanced Readings in Environmental History and Anthropology (3 credits). *
Course of readings systematically surveying the theoretical contributions of the disciplines of environmental history, historical ecology, environmental anthropology, and geography. After an overview of the evolution of twentieth-century thought on the relationship between environment and culture as seen through the lenses of these disciplines, explores emerging research hybrids and new research frontiers. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. S. Rajan

292. Topics in Research in Environmental Studies (2 credits). F,W,S
Seminar in which students give critically evaluated presentations regarding current research in environmental studies and issues in research design. Students should consult with faculty prior to enrolling. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

297. Independent Study. F,W,S
Independent study and research under faculty supervision. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. The Staff

297F. Independent Study (2 credits). F,W,S
Independent study and research under faculty supervision. Intended to be taken in conjunction with a 5-credit course. Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

299. Thesis Research. F,W,S
Students submit petition to sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

*Not offered in 2004-05