General Program Description

The biological sciences have entered into an exciting new era in which phenomena that once seemed insoluble mysteries—such as embryonic development, the functions of the brain, and the dynamics of ecosystems—are now yielding their secrets as the technology to study them becomes more and more sophisticated. From molecular biology, with its potential to revolutionize medicine and agriculture, to ecology, with its lessons for the sustainable management of the environment, biologists are fully engaged in meeting the challenges of the future, helping to improve the quality of human life and to preserve habitats and biodiversity. Thus, it is no surprise that the biological sciences are at the heart of many of today’s most pressing intellectual and social concerns.

The biological sciences departments at UCSC offer a broad spectrum of courses that reflect the exciting new developments and directions in the field of biology. An outstanding group of faculty, each with a vigorous, internationally recognized research program, are available to teach courses in their specialties as well as core courses for the major. Areas of research strength within the departments include RNA molecular biology, molecular and cellular aspects of genetics and development, neurobiology, endocrinology, immunology, microbial biochemistry, plant biology, animal behavior, physiology, evolution, ecology, and marine biology. UCSC is unique in the UC system in providing exceptional opportunities for undergraduate research, allowing students to interact one-on-one with faculty and other researchers in a laboratory or field setting.

Biological Sciences Majors

Students may plan a program that leads to one of several B.A. or more advanced B.S. degrees. The latter are more appropriate for students planning to go on to graduate programs or to medical, dental, or veterinary schools. Students may choose from the following major options:

Biology B.A. (general)

Biology minor (general)

Biology B.S. (general)

Biology B.A. or B.S. (general), with informal concentration in environmental science, marine biology, neuroscience and behavior, or plant sciences

Ecology and evolution B.S.

Health sciences B.S.

Marine biology B.S.

Molecular, cell, and developmental biology B.S.

Neuroscience and behavior B.A.

Neuroscience and behavior B.S.

Plant sciences B.S.

Biochemistry and molecular biology B.S. (administered in conjunction with the Chemistry and Biochemistry Department; see Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.)

Environmental studies/biology combined major B.A. (administered in conjunction with the Environmental Studies Department; see Environmental Studies.)

Bioinformatics B.S. (administered in conjunction with the School of Engineering; see Biomolecular Engineering.)

Advanced undergraduates, with the consent of faculty supervisors, have access to extensive departmental laboratory facilities for independent research. Fieldwork draws on a remarkable variety of terrestrial habitats, as well as ready access to Monterey Bay and the open Pacific. Marine studies are supported by a coastal facility with running seawater, with a research vessel available for offshore work. Año Nuevo Island, north of Santa Cruz, is the site of extensive behavioral studies of marine mammals. Hospitals, convalescent and physical therapy centers, veterinary clinics, and other enterprises in the vicinity of the campus provide the opportunity to pursue field projects and internships comparable to on-the-job training. This array of opportunities for directed independent study enables biological science majors to enhance their upper-division programs to reflect and strengthen their own interests and goals in the sciences.

Education Abroad Opportunities

The UC Education Abroad Program (EAP) offers qualified students unique opportunities to broaden their educational horizons. The biological sciences departments encourage interested students to participate. Many programs are in English-speaking countries or use English for advanced courses. Many programs offer small classes, extensive laboratories, and/or field research experience.

There are excellent programs for biological science students in Costa Rica, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Germany, among others. The Costa Rica Tropical Biology Program is of note to students interested in tropical biology and ecology. Held spring and fall quarters at the Monteverde Research Station, this program gives students experience with hands-on field research, offers a homestay program, and carries credit for two upper-division biology courses. The University of Queensland (Australia) offers an intensive, full-semester Marine Science Program, which includes a stay at a research station on the Great Barrier Reef, near sheltered mangrove and seagrass habitats. Molecular, cell, and developmental biology majors and premedical students might want to consider the Human Biology Program at the Panum Institute in Denmark. This program is taught in English for advanced students planning careers in medicine or biomedical research.

Students interested in study abroad need to get an early start on their basic science requirements, including general and organic chemistry, math, and introductory biology (20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L). Visit the EAP office as soon as possible to begin planning, and seek advice about your schedule from the biological sciences undergraduate adviser and/or faculty adviser.

Prerequisites for the Biological Sciences

The introductory biology sequence, Biology 20A, 20B, and 20C (or 21A, 21B, and 21C or equivalents taken elsewhere), is prerequisite to virtually all upper-division biology courses. Biology 20A has a prerequisite of Chemistry 1B, and thus students cannot begin their biology sequence until they have completed Chemistry 1B. Therefore, it is essential for students considering a major in the biological sciences to start chemistry as soon as possible. The entire introductory biology sequence should be taken the first and second year, concurrently with or following the general chemistry sequence (Chemistry 1B/M and 1C/N). Course 20L, Experimental Biology Laboratory, is prerequisite to most upper-division biology laboratory and field courses.

The biology placement examination is given each quarter and must be taken in order to enroll in any biology courses. Students who do not pass the placement exam must take course 3, Concepts in Biology, before taking courses 20A, 20B, and 20C.

The Biology 21A, 21B, and 21C series is an intensive version of the course 20 introductory sequence. The course 21 sequence is intended for students with strong backgrounds in math, chemistry, and biology, particularly students with advanced placement credit. Class size is limited to 40, and the courses are fast-paced, allowing time for discussion of more advanced material.

The Mathematics Department offers a placement exam several times a year. Biological science majors are expected to take this exam. If the results indicate a need for precalculus, students need to take Mathematics 3 as soon as possible. Students with even less preparation may need to take college algebra at another institution.

The biological science majors require one of the following organic chemistry combinations: Chemistry 108A/L and 108B/M or 112A/L and 112B/M (112C/N is recommended). Students interested in medical school, other health professions, or graduate studies are advised to complete a full sequence of organic chemistry.

Course Substitution/Transfer Credit Policy

At least half of the upper-division courses (Biology 100–190) required for each major must be taken through the biological sciences program at UCSC, not as transfer credits from another department or institution. Transfer students are advised to contact the Biological Sciences Undergraduate Advising Office before enrolling in numerous upper-division courses at other institutions.

A maximum of one upper-division course requirement may be met with an independent study or graduate-level UCSC biology course or a course offered by another UCSC department.

Class Size

The biological sciences departments, in conjunction with the other science departments, are committed to maintaining small class sizes. The course 20 introductory sequence and the upper-division core courses such as Biochemistry, Genetics, and Cell Biology are offered at least twice a year (and often during the summer as well), allowing class sizes to remain relatively small compared to other UC campuses. The course 21 accelerated introductory sequence is limited to 40 students, and sections for course 20L are limited to 20 students. Enrollment in other more specialized courses is even lower, and all laboratory courses are limited to a maximum of 25 students per section. Multiple course offerings and relatively small class sizes are also true for the mathematics, chemistry, and physics courses required for biological science majors.

Declaration Process for Biological Sciences Majors

Students interested in pursuing one of the biological sciences majors should declare the prebiology major until they have completed the prerequisites listed below. After completing the prerequisite courses, students may then declare their major.

Students must complete the following prerequisites in order to declare a major in a biological science: precalculus (Mathematics 3 or a score on the mathematics placement exam sufficient to be placed into calculus); general chemistry (Chemistry 1B/M and 1C/N); organic chemistry (Chemistry 108A/L and 108B/M); and the complete introductory biology sequence with laboratory (Biology 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L). These requirements apply to the following majors: biology; ecology and evolution; marine biology; molecular, cell, and developmental biology; neuroscience and behavior; plant sciences; and the environmental studies/biology combined major. Students declaring a major in the environmental studies/biology combined major are not held to the Biology 20C requirement, because that course is not required for that major.

Letter Grade Policy

For all students entering UCSC in fall 2001 and later, all courses used to satisfy any of the biological sciences majors must be taken for a letter grade.

Major Disqualification Policy

The biological sciences departments have adopted a major disqualification policy that is intended to encourage students to take their performance in the introductory biology sequence seriously and to make a strong effort to pass the introductory courses.

Students who receive more than one No Pass, D, and/or F in the combined three-quarter sequence of Biology 20A, 20B, and 20C will not be permitted to take any other course in that sequence or to major in any of the biological sciences majors. Students who receive more than one No Pass, D, and/or F in course 20L, Experimental Biology Laboratory, will not be permitted to enroll again in course 20L nor to major in any of the biological sciences majors. In addition, students will not be permitted to enroll in any upper-division biology course in which they have received more than one No Pass, D, and/or F.

Students may appeal their disqualification within the appeal period by submitting a letter to the biological sciences undergraduate adviser. This appeal must be filed no later than 15 days from the date the disqualification notification was mailed, or the 10th day of classes in the quarter of their disqualification, whichever is later. The advising office will subsequently notify the student, the college, and the Office of the Registrar of the decision, no later than 15 days after the filing of the appeal.

A student who has been disqualified from the major may, no earlier than three months from the date of the disqualification, petition to be reinstated. This application will be considered only if there is substantial new evidence that the student is capable of making normal progress in the major.

This policy took effect in fall 1997 and applies to all biological science majors, regardless of when they declared their major or first enrolled, based on performance in courses taken in fall quarter 1997 or after. A No Pass, D, or F received prior to fall 1997 will not count against a student, but any No Pass, D, or F received for fall 1997 or later will count under this policy.

Academic Advising

Academic advising is available at the biological sciences undergraduate advising office. Students should take full advantage of this opportunity and should keep in frequent touch with the office to stay informed about late announcements of courses, changes in scheduling, and opportunities for special study.

The advising office publishes the Biological Sciences Undergraduate Handbook, which contains substantial advice and information pertinent to students’ most frequently voiced questions. Each student in the major should read this handbook thoroughly; copies are available in the advising office.

Transfer Students

The faculty encourages applications from transfer students in the biological sciences. It is very important for transfer students to complete science prerequisite courses before transfer, especially precalculus and general chemistry. Students should also take an introductory biology sequence, calculus, and, if possible, organic chemistry. Transfer students who have completed an entire introductory biology sequence with laboratory are considered to have completed equivalent material to Biology 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. Prospective transfer students should contact the undergraduate advising office for further information.

Graduate Programs

The graduate programs in the biological sciences are organized in two areas: ecology and evolutionary biology and molecular, cell, and developmental biology.

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

The graduate program in ecology and evolutionary (EE) biology at UC Santa Cruz is one of the premier programs in the country. This is due to the quality and commitment of the faculty, the long-standing tradition of the University of California, and the unique environment of the Santa Cruz campus. UC Santa Cruz has been singularly blessed with varied and easily accessible marine and terrestrial resources for research. UCSC is ideal for marine research—having its own marine laboratory, a fleet of boats, and one of the most active scientific diving programs in the country. In close proximity to pinniped rookeries at the UC Reserve at Año Nuevo, the campus is located on Monterey Bay, which has the largest concentration of marine research programs in the country. In addition to state-of-the-art departmental laboratories, students have full access to the Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics (MEEG) facility and other analytical laboratories of the UCSC Institute of Marine Sciences.

Terrestrial biologists have access to all of California’s natural environments through the University of California’s Natural Reserve System; the diverse habitats on UCSC’s 2,000-acre campus itself (mixed redwood forest, fossil sand dune associations, rolling pasture land, and chaparral) and on several adjacent preserves; the UCSC experimental Farm and Garden; extensive Southern Hemisphere plantings in the UCSC Arboretum; and greenhouses and associated laboratory facilities. More than two-thirds of our faculty participate in field studies throughout the Pacific Basin (from Alaska to Antarctica), in Pacific Rim nations (in Latin America, the Far East, and Australia), and beyond.

The program in ecology and evolutionary biology is comprised of four core tracks: (1) population and community ecology, (2) evolutionary biology, (3) physiology and behavior including marine and terrestrial animals, and (4) systematics and biodiversity.

Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology

The program in molecular, cell, and developmental (MCD) biology leads to either the Ph.D. or the M.A. and is designed to prepare students for careers in research, teaching, and biotechnology. Current research in MCD biology focuses on such topics as the structure and function of RNA, gene expression, signaling, cell division, development, and pathogenesis. A unique focus of the department is the Center for the Molecular Biology of RNA.

Degree Requirements for the Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Ph.D. Requirements

Students must take Biology 250A and 250B in the first year. Biology 279 must be taken fall quarter of the first year; Biology 293 is required four quarters thereafter. Biology 294 must be taken every quarter that the student is in residence. Each Ph.D. student must complete at least two quarters as a teaching assistant during their graduate career.

During fall of the second year, students take a comprehensive examination. This is a two-part exam, written and oral, the goal of which is to examine the student’s breadth and depth of knowledge of evolution, ecology, physiology, behavior, organismal, and general biology. A committee is comprised of four examiners selected by each student and his/her supervisor. Each student’s area of research, together with the stated goal of the exam, should guide the composition of his/her committee.

During the sixth term, the student submits a dissertation research proposal to his/her dissertation committee and must defend it in a three-hour oral examination before the dissertation committee. The student advances to candidacy only after completing all course work, passing the written and oral portions of the comprehensive examination, writing and defending a dissertation research proposal, and presenting a candidacy seminar on his/her proposed research.

The student must submit his/her doctoral dissertation to the dissertation committee for tentative approval at least 30 days before presenting a formal, public doctoral research seminar. Also, the student must meet with the dissertation committee to defend the thesis at least one week prior to the public seminar. Before the dissertation is accepted for signature by the dissertation committee, at least one chapter must be submitted as a paper (not an abstract) to a refereed journal for publication.

M.A. Requirements

In addition to course work identified by the advisory committee or adviser, each student will be required to take Biology 279, two quarters of Biology 293, Biology 294 and the appropriate lab course when in residence at the university (not in the field), and Biology 297, as needed, to come up with 15 credits. Biology 250A and 250B are recommended but not required.

The student must submit his/her thesis draft to the thesis committee for tentative approval at least 30 days before presenting a formal, public research seminar. Also, the student must meet with the thesis committee to defend the thesis at least one week prior to the public seminar. At that time, the committee may sign the cover page of the student’s dissertation.

There is no requirement, but it is highly recommended, that at least one thesis chapter be submitted as a paper (not an abstract) to a refereed journal for publication.

Degree Requirements for the Program in Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology

Ph.D. and master’s students complete the graduate core courses, Biology 200A, 200B, and 200C, in the first year. Additional undergraduate courses required to strengthen the student’s background may be assigned by the advisory committee during the initial advising meeting. Typically, these courses are Biochemistry 100A, Biology 110, and Biology 115. Students are required to participate in lab research meetings and departmental seminar series every quarter.

First-year Ph.D. students complete three 10-week laboratory rotations. Students choose their rotation laboratories in consultation with the Graduate Advisory Committee. The lab rotations give students a chance to learn about the diverse fields and methods of inquiry and to interact with members of the department. At the end of each quarter, students present a short talk to the department on their rotation project. At the end of spring quarter, students consult with rotation faculty to identify a permanent thesis laboratory.

Second-year Ph.D. students are required to submit two proposals—one on their proposed thesis work and a second on an unrelated MCDB research topic. The Ph.D. Qualifying Exam, taken in spring quarter of the second year, is an oral examination before a committee comprised of three internal reviewers and one external reviewer. Once the qualifying exam is passed, students, in conjunction with their faculty adviser, select a committee to consult with in the development of their thesis. This committee monitors the student’s progress and ultimately approves the final draft of the student’s dissertation. In spring of the third year, students are advanced to candidacy following presentation of their research to the department in a seminar.

Ph.D. requirements

• Completion of thesis research resulting in a dissertation of individual work
• Completion of any advanced graduate course work required by Graduate Advisory Committee
• Completion of two quarters in two different courses of service as a teaching assistant
• Completion of two graduate-level electives
• Presentation of thesis defense in departmental seminar

M.A. requirements

Acceptance to the master’s program requires a faculty sponsor. Interested applicants must contact faculty directly and procure sponsorship before beginning the application process.

• Graduate core courses
• Write a master’s thesis based on original research
• Defend thesis in a departmental seminar

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General Biology Majors and Minor

The general biology majors permit flexibility, but demand careful attention to one’s own interests and plans. Each student should select courses on the basis of up-to-date information in consultation with a biology faculty adviser whose interests reflect the student’s interests.

General Biology B.A. Major Requirements

Introductory Requirements

• Biology 20A*, 20B*, 20C*, and 20L* (or equivalents) *These courses are prerequisite to most upper-division courses and should be completed without delay.
• Chemistry 1B/M and 1C/N; and either Chemistry 108A/L and 108B/M or 112A/L and 112B/M (112C/N recommended)
• Mathematics 11A-B or 19A-B
• Physics 7A/L and 7B/M; or two courses with laboratories from the Physics 6A/L, 6B/M, and 6C/N sequence or the 5A/L, 5B/M, and 5C/N sequence.

Advanced Requirements

A total of seven upper-division biology courses, as follows:

• 100, Biochemistry; or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, 100B, and 100C, Biochemistry (Upon completion of the series, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100C may be used to satisfy one elective.)
• 105, Genetics
• 175, Evolution
• In addition to course 20L, students must complete one upper-division biology course that includes regular laboratory or fieldwork.
• Students must fulfill the major distribution requirement, which includes one course from each of the following groups:
  Cell/developmental biology: 110, 111, 115, 117A, 119, 119L, 120
  Physiology: 113, 125, 127, 131/L, 132, 133, 166
  Ecology: 136/L, 138/L, 140, 140L, 150, 152, 160, 160L, 161/L, 169, 169L, 171

Comprehensive Requirement

This requirement can be satisfied in one of the following ways:

• by receiving a passing score on the biology comprehensive examination, administered by the biological sciences departments each quarter;
• by completing a senior thesis or a senior essay. Information on the scope and content of senior essays and theses should be obtained from the faculty member who agrees to sponsor the work. Essays and theses (in duplicate) should be submitted to the biological sciences advising office by the deadline approximately three weeks before the end of the graduating quarter. See the Biological Sciences Undergraduate Handbook or the advising office for more information including exact deadline dates;
• by achieving a Graduate Record Examination score at or above the 50th percentile on the Biology Subject Test or the Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Subject Test. Reports of GRE scores must be submitted to the biological sciences advising office before the last day of the graduating quarter;
• by obtaining an MCAT score at or above the 50th percentile on the biological sciences section. Reports of MCAT scores must be submitted to the biological sciences advising office before the last day of the graduating quarter.

See the individual majors for additional comprehensive requirements specific to each major. More detailed information is available from the advising office.

General Biology B.A. Major Planners

The following are two recommended academic plans, for students to complete during their first two years, as preparation for the biology B.A. major. Plan One is suggested guidelines for students who are committed to the major early in their academic career. Plan Two is for students who are considering the major or needing more preparation.

General Biology Minor Requirements

In addition to the introductory biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics (as listed above), students are required to take a total of five upper-division biology courses including courses 100, 105, and the three distribution requirement courses; one must include a laboratory. There is no senior comprehensive requirement for the minor. Please contact the Biological Sciences Undergraduate Advising Office for further information.

General Biology B.S. Major Requirements

The requirements for the biology B.S. follow a similar pattern to those for the biology B.A., but are more rigorous to ensure a stronger level of scientific preparation. Students need to follow the requirements below to complete the B.S. program (differences with the B.A. program are noted):

Introductory Requirements

• Biology 20A*, B*, C*, and 20L* (or equivalents) * These courses are prerequisite to most upper- division courses and should be completed without delay (same as for B.A.).
• Chemistry 1B/M and IC/N (same as for B.A.); and either Chemistry 108A/L and 108B/M or Chemistry 112A/L and 112B/M (112C/N recommended)
• Mathematics 11A-B or 19A-B and 22 (one additional calculus course required for the B.S.)
• Physics 6A/L, 6B/M, and 6C/N; or 5A/L, 5B/M, and 5C/N (Physics 7A/B option does not apply for the B.S.)

Advanced Requirements

A total of nine upper-division biology courses are required (two additional courses for B.S.), including two upper-division laboratory courses (one additional upper-division laboratory course for B.S.).

Comprehensive Requirement

The biology B.S. comprehensive requirement is the same as for the biology B.A. major. More detailed information is available from the advising office.

General Biology B.S. Major Planners

The following are two recommended academic plans for students to complete during their first two years as preparation for the biology B.S. major. Plan One is suggested guidelines for students who are committed to the major early in their academic career. Plan Two is for students who are considering the major or who require more preparation.

General Biology Concentrations

Biology is a broad area of study, so students may focus their interests increasingly on a particular field as they progress through the major. Although there are many possible tracks that can lead to a degree in biology, each of them should be solidly grounded in basic courses that provide a general appreciation of biology as a whole. This grounding is provided by the introductory courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. In addition to these, courses 100, Biochemistry; 105, Genetics; 175, Evolution; and one course from each of the three distribution areas are required for all biology majors. These foundation courses are regarded as essential for most areas of specialization, as they cover fundamental processes and principles essential for an understanding of the nature of organisms.

Examples of the many possible specialized tracks one could pursue are plant sciences, neuroscience and behavior, marine biology, or environmental biology. More specific or detailed suggestions about developing a major with a focus in an area of concentration can be obtained by contacting the Biological Science Undergraduate Advising Office. It is essential that a curriculum plan be discussed carefully with a faculty adviser.

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Ecology and Evolution Major

Program Description

The ecology and evolution major provides students with interdisciplinary skills necessary for understanding and solving complex problems in ecology, evolution, behavior, and physiology. While some of these disciplines focus on molecular or chemical mechanisms, they all address questions on larger spatial and temporal scales that can be applied to important environmental problems, including genetic and ecological aspects of conservation biology and biodiversity.

Students majoring in ecology and evolution will receive a B.S. degree based on an integrated series of courses providing breadth in fundamental areas of biology and allied sciences that enhance understanding of evolutionary and ecological processes. The curriculum also recommends depth in one of four areas of concentration. The capstone of this curriculum is a suite of field courses providing students unique opportunities to learn and conduct research in a host of ecological systems. Students are encouraged to take field courses in their areas of specialization. Other opportunities include participation in research projects with faculty sponsors and the intensive Education Abroad Programs in Costa Rica (tropical biology) and Australia (marine sciences).

Ecology and Evolution B. S. Major Requirements

Introductory Requirements

• Biology 20A, 20B, 20C (or equivalents), and 20L
• Chemistry 1B/M and 1C/N; and 108A/L and 108B/M
• Engineering 5 or 7 (preferred) or Environmental Toxicology 120 (statistics)
• Mathematics 11A and 11B (calculus)
• Physics 7A/L and 7B/M or two courses from 6 or 5 series, with laboratories

Advanced Requirements

A total of nine upper-division courses; two must include laboratory or fieldwork.

• Core (sophomore and junior years) 100, Biochemistry, or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, 100B, and 100C, Biochemistry (Upon completion of the series, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100C may be used to satisfy one elective.)
  105, Genetics
  150, Ecology
  175, Evolution
• Physiology (junior year); one of the following:
  110, Cell Biology
  131/L, Animal Physiology/Laboratory
  132, Comparative Physiology of Vertebrates
  133/L, Exercise Physiology/Laboratory
  166, Plant Physiology
• Organism-type courses (junior year); one of the following:
  119, Microbiology
  136/L, Invertebrate Zoology/Laboratory
  138/L, Biology and Ecology of Vertebrates/Laboratory
  168/L, Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants/ Laboratory
  170/L, Marine Botany/Laboratory
• Electives: three additional courses chosen from the following:
  Biology 107/L, 110, 119, 119/L, 120, 127, 131/L, 132, 133/L, 134, 136/L, 137/L, 138/L, 139/L, 140, 140L, 141, 142, 143/L, 144/L, 152, 160, 160L, 161/L, 162, 163, 166, 167/L, 168/L, 169, 169L, 170/L, 171, 174, 176/L, 187L; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100C, Earth Sciences 100/L, 101/L, 102; Environmental Studies 104A, 106A/M, 107A-B-C, 108/L, 115A/L, 124, 129/L, 130A/L, 138/L, 160/L, 161A/L, 162/L

Ecology and Evolution Concentrations

In addition to the six upper-division courses listed above (four core courses, physiology, organism-type course), students must take at least three additional upper-division courses, including a field or laboratory methods course. Students wishing to concentrate on ecology, behavioral ecology, physiological ecology, or evolution should, at a minimum, take the following additional courses. All students who anticipate going to graduate school and taking the GRE should consider taking course 110, Cell Biology.

Behavioral Ecology

• One methods course (e.g., 141, Ecological Field Methods; 143/L, Herpetology/Laboratory; or 144/L, Ornithology/Field Studies)
• 140, Behavioral Ecology
• Electives

Ecology

• One methods course (e.g., 161/L, Kelp Forest Ecology/Laboratory; 162, Marine Ecology Field Quarter; or 169L, Plant Ecology Laboratory)
• One of the following: 140, Behavioral Ecology; 152, Community Ecology; 160, Marine Ecology; or 169, Plant Ecology
• Electives

Physiological Ecology

• Three physiology courses including 110, Cell Biology, and one methods course (e.g., 131/L, Animal Physiology/Laboratory; or 133/L, Exercise Physiology/Laboratory)
• Electives

Evolution (students should take Cell Biology)

• One methods course with laboratory (e.g., 176/L, Molecular Ecology and Evolution/Laboratory; 187L, Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory)
• 107, Population Genetics
• 176/L, Molecular Evolution/Laboratory
• Electives

Comprehensive Requirement

The ecology and evolution comprehensive requirement is the same as for the general biology major. More detailed information is available from the advising office.

Ecology and Evolution B. S. Major Planner

The following are recommended academic plans for completion of the ecology and evolution major. The second plan is designed for transfer students.

Junior Transfer Course Sequence

Year	Fall	Winter	Spring
3rd (jr)	Chem 108A/L Biol 105 elective	Chem 108B/M Biol 150 elective	Biol 100 elective
4th (sr)	Biol 175 thesis elective	Engr 7 thesis elective	elective thesis research elective

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Marine Biology Major

Program Description

Our proximity to the ocean, the on-campus central analytical facilities, and the Long Marine Laboratory make UC Santa Cruz an exceptional campus for the study of marine biology. Course offerings in marine biology can be found throughout the course listings; additional courses are listed under ocean sciences. Students interested in entering the UCSC ocean sciences M.S. and/or Ph.D. program are advised that course requirements in addition to those of biology must be met. A listing of these courses and further advising are available through the Ocean Sciences Department Office.

The marine biology major is designed to introduce students to marine organisms and the chemical and physical processes that affect these organisms. The emphasis is on basic principles that help us understand the processes that shape life in marine environments. The marine biology major is a demanding program that offers a B.S. degree and requires several more courses than the general biology B.A. major.

Marine Biology B.S. Major Requirements

Introductory Requirements

The lower-division course requirements are designed to provide a good introduction to biology as well as the foundation in chemistry, mathematics, and physics fundamental to the study of biology.

• Biology 20A, 20B, 20C (or equivalents), and 20L
• Chemistry 1B/M and 1C/N; and either Chemistry 108A/L and 108B/M or 112A/L and 112B/M (112C/N recommended)
• Engineering 7 or 5 (preferred) or Environmental Toxicology 120 (statistics)
• Mathematics 11A-B or 19A-B (calculus)
• Physics 7A/L and 7B/M or two courses from the 6 or 5 series with laboratories

Advanced Requirements

• 100, Biochemistry; or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, 100B, and 100C, Biochemistry (Upon completion of the series, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100C may be used to satisfy one elective.)
• 105, Genetics
• 175, Evolution
• Ocean Sciences 101, The Marine Environment
• One ecology course (if more than one of these courses are taken, the additional credit may be applied to the upper-division elective requirement described below).
  150, Ecology, or
  160, Marine Ecology, or
  162*, Marine Ecology Field Quarter
• Two courses selected from the following list (if more than two of these courses are taken, the additional credit may be applied to the upper-division elective requirement described below).
  136/L, Invertebrate Zoology/Laboratory
  137/L, Ichthyology/Laboratory
  139/L, Biology of Marine Mammals
  162*, Marine Ecology Field Quarter
  170/L, Marine Botany/Laboratory
• Three additional elective courses selected from the following list and chosen to meet the needs of the student (highly recommended are courses in evolution and in physiology).

  Biology
  105L, Genetics Laboratory
  107/L, Population Genetics/Laboratory
  110, Cell Biology
  119, Microbiology
  119L, Microbiology Laboratory
  120, Development
  125, Neuroscience
  127, Bioenergetics
  131/L, Animal Physiology/Laboratory
  132, Comparative Physiology of Vertebrates
  133/L, Exercise Physiology/Laboratory
  136/L, Invertebrate Zoology/Laboratory
  137/L, Ichthyology/Laboratory
  138/L, Biology and Ecology of the Vertebrates/Laboratory
  139/L, Biology of Marine Mammals/Laboratory
  140, Behavioral Ecology
  145L, Behavioral Ecology Field Course
  141, Ecological Field Methods
  142, Ocean Ecosystems
  144/L, Ornithology/Field Study
  150, Ecology
  152, Community Ecology
  158, Ecology of Reefs, Mangroves, and Sea Grasses
  160, Marine Ecology
  160L, Marine Ecology/Laboratory
  161/L, Kelp Forest Ecology Laboratory
  162*, Marine Ecology Field Quarter
  163, Marine Conservation Biology
  166, Plant Physiology
  170/L, Marine Botany/Laboratory
  171, Marine Microbial Ecology
  174, Evolutionary Game Theory
  175, Evolution
  176/L, Molecular Ecology and Evolution/Laboratory
  187L, Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory

  Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  100C, Biochemistry

Earth Sciences
101/L, The Fossil Record/Laboratory
102, Marine Geology

Ocean Sciences
120, Aquatic Chemistry: Principles, Applications
130, Productivity in the Sea
156/L, Marine Plankton/Laboratory

* Note: Biology 162, Marine Ecology Field Quarter, is a full-time field research course that carries 19 credits and counts for three upper-division course requirements toward the marine biology major.

Comprehensive Requirement

The comprehensive requirement for the marine biology major is the same as for the general biology major with the following exceptions: a score at or above the 60th percentile is required on the Graduate Record Examination Biology Subject Test. The Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology Subject Test does not fulfill the requirement. More information is available from the advising office.

Marine Biology B.S. Major Planners

The following are two recommended academic plans for students to complete during their first two years as preparation for the marine biology major. Plan One is for students who are committed to the major early in their academic career. Plan Two is for students considering the major or needing more preparation.

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Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology Major

Program Description

The molecular, cell, and developmental (MCD) biology major is designed for students interested in medical or other professional graduate programs and those preparing for careers in biotechnology industries. This major is more structured than the general biology major and requires that students pay careful attention to the prerequisites required for upper-division biology courses.

Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology B.S. Major Requirements

Introductory Requirements

• Biology 20A, 20B, 20C (or equivalents), and 20L
• Chemistry 1B/M and 1C/N; and 108A/L and 108B/M or 112A/L and 112B/M (112C/N recommended)
• Mathematics 11A-B or 19A-B and 22 (3 quarters of calculus)
• Physics 6A/L, 6B/M, and 6C/N; or 5A/L, 5B/M, and 5C/N

Advanced Requirements

A total of eight upper-division biology courses, as follows:

• Four core courses
  100, Biochemistry; or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, 100B, and 100C, Biochemistry (Upon completion of the series, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100C may be used to satisfy one elective.)
  105, Genetics
  110, Cell Biology
  115, Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
• Two of the following lecture courses
  111, Immunology
  113, Mammalian Endocrinology
  114, Cancer Cell Biology
  119, Microbiology
  120, Development
  125, Neuroscience
  131/L*, Animal Physiology/Laboratory
  166, Plant Physiology
  167/L, Seed Plant Anatomy/Laboratory
  175, Evolution
• Two of the following laboratory courses
  102L, Biochemistry of Macromolecules Laboratory
  105L, Genetics Laboratory
  109L, Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory
  116L, Eukaryotic Molecular Biology Laboratory
  119L, Microbiology Laboratory
  128L, C. elegans Neural Genetics Laboratory
  131/L*, Animal Physiology/Laboratory
  187L, Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  110, Biochemistry Laboratory

*Biology 131/L meets either one lecture or one laboratory requirement, but not both.

Comprehensive Requirement

The comprehensive requirement for the MCD biology B.S. major is the same as for the general biology B.A. major. More detailed information is available from the advising office.

Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology B.S. Major Planners

The following are two recommended academic plans for students to complete during their first two years as preparation for the molecular, cell, and developmental biology major. Plan One is for students committed to the major. Plan Two is for students who are considering the major or needing more preparation.

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Neuroscience and Behavior Majors

Program Description

Neuroscience, the study of the nervous system and behavior of animals, is a frontier area in biology, touching psychology on the one hand and computer science on the other.

The neuroscience and behavior majors provide students with rigorous preparation for graduate studies and research in the fields of neuroscience and behavior. The brain and determinants of behavior are studied at all levels, from biological molecules to individual nerve cells to functioning organisms to social behavior. The majors emphasize the interrelationship between the two fields, building on a common core of general and biological science course work. Students select a pathway in either behavior or molecular neuroscience. Rigorous course work is supplemented by opportunities for hands-on laboratory and field courses and independent research.

Neuroscience and Behavior B.A. Major Requirements

Introductory Course Requirements

• Biology 20A, 20B, 20C (or equivalents), and 20L
• Chemistry 1B/M and 1C/N
• Organic chemistry: either Chemistry 108A/L and 108B/M or Chemistry 112A/L and 112B/M (112C/N recommended)
• Mathematics 11A-B or 19A-B
• Introductory physics: either Physics 7A/L and 7B/M; or two courses from the 6A/L, 6B/M, 6C/N series or the 5A/L, 5B/M, 5C/N series
• Statistics: either Engineering 5 or 7 or Environmental Toxicology 120

Advanced Course Requirements

Nine upper-division courses to include

• 100, Biochemistry; or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, 100B, and 100C, Biochemistry (Upon completion of the series, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100C may be used to satisfy one elective.)
• 105, Genetics
• 110, Cell Biology
• 125, Neuroscience
• 140, Behavioral Ecology

Four additional elective courses chosen from one of two areas of concentration:

Molecular Neuroscience Pathway

• 115, Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
• 126, Advanced Molecular Neuroscience
• One of the following molecular/development courses: 120, 128, or 135/L
• One of the following physiology or psychology courses: Biology 131/L, 132, Psychology 121, or 123
• One of the following biology laboratory courses:
  105L, Genetics Laboratory
  109L, Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory
  116L, Eukaryotic Molecular Biology Laboratory
  119L, Microbiology Laboratory
  128L, C. elegans Neural Genetics Laboratory
  187L, Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory

Behavior Pathway

• 113, Mammalian Endocrinology
• One of the following: Biology 139/L, 140L, 141, 143, 144, or Anthropology 106
• One of the following physiology or psychology courses: Biology 120, 127, 131/L, 132, 133/L, 136/L, 138/L, Psychology 120, 121, 123, 133
• One of the following laboratory courses:
  105L, Genetics Laboratory
  131/L, Animal Physiology/Laboratory
  136/L, Invertebrate Zoology/Laboratory
  138/L, Biology and Ecology of the Vertebrates/Laboratory
  140L, Behavioral Ecology Field Course
  141, Ecological Field Methods
  Computer Science 12A or 12B or 60N

Comprehensive Requirement

The comprehensive requirement for the neuroscience and behavior major is the same as for the general biology major. More detailed information is available from the advising office.

Neuroscience and Behavior B.S. Major Requirements

In addition to the courses above, the following courses are required for the B.S. degree program, for a total of 10 upper-division courses instead of nine.

• Mathematics: one additional course in calculus, such as Mathematics 22.
• Physics: three courses in calculus-based physics, such as Physics 6A/L, 6B/M, 6C/N, or the Physics 5 series
• A second laboratory course, chosen from the courses listed in the student’s concentration/pathway

Neuroscience and Behavior B.A. and B.S. Major Planners

Behavior Pathway Sample Sequence

Year	Fall	Winter	Spring
1st (frsh)	Chem 1B/M Math 11A college core	Chem 1C/N Math 11B Biol 20A	gen ed Math 22 Biol 20B
2nd (soph)	Chem 108A/L Biol 20C Biol 70	Chem 108B/M Biol 20L Engr 7 (or Psyc 2)	Biol 100 Biol 105
3rd (jr)	Phys 6A/L* Biol 140 gen ed	Phys 6B/M* or 7A/L Biol 140L gen ed	Phys 6C/N* or 7B/M Biol 113 gen ed
4th (sr)	Biol 125 gen ed thesis research	elective elective thesis research	Biol 110 elective thesis research
*Physics 6 (or 5) series required for the B.S. option

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Plant Sciences Major

Program Description

UC Santa Cruz has a strong program in the plant sciences (sometimes called botany). A fine natural environment, the campus Arboretum, the facilities under the Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems (especially the Farm and Garden), and an excellent greenhouse collection all enhance the resources that support our botanical programs.

The plant sciences major is designed for students with an interest in plant biology and its associated curricular fields such as plant ecology, plant physiology, plant pathology, plant molecular biology, soils, and applied plant sciences. After completion of the core courses, students can proceed in one of several directions depending on their interest. For example, a more in-depth study of physiology and molecular biology courses can serve as preparation for work in the biotechnology field or for graduate school; further studies in plant ecology, tropical ecology, or restoration ecology can lead to careers such as resource ecologist or naturalist or to the pursuit of related fields in graduate school; upper-division training in agroecology can lead to careers in agriculture or food systems. A special feature of this major is a one-quarter internship and/or independent research requirement. There are many opportunities for internships both on the UCSC campus and in the community at large.

Plant Sciences B.S. Major Requirements

Introductory Requirements

• Biology 20A, 20B, 20C (or equivalents), and 20L
• Chemistry 1B/M and 1C/N
• Organic Chemistry 108A/L and 108B/M; or 112A/L and 112B/M (112C/N recommended)
• Engineering 5 or 7 (statistics) to be taken near the time of internship/independent research
• Environmental Studies 24, General Ecology; or Biology 150, Ecology
• Mathematics 11A and 11B (calculus)
• Physics 7A/L and 7B/M or two courses from the 6 or 5 series with laboratories

Advanced Requirements

A total of nine upper-division courses

• Core courses
  105, Genetics
  175, Evolution
• One course from each of the following pairs:
  166*, Plant Physiology; or
  167/L*, Seed Plant Anatomy/Laboratory

168/L, Systematic Botany; or
170/L, Marine Botany/Laboratory

169, Plant Ecology; or
Environmental Studies 162/L, Plant Physiological Ecology/Laboratory

5 credits of biology independent study or
Environmental Studies Internsh

• Three additional electives chosen from the following:

Environmental Studies
108, Entomology
122, Tropical Ecology and Conservation
129, Integrated Pest Management
130A/L, Agroecology/Laboratory
130B, Principles of Sustainable Agriculture
133, Agroecology Practicum
138/L, Ethnobotany/Laboratory
160, Restoration Ecology
161A/L, Soils and Plant Nutrition/Laboratory
163, Plant Diseases as Parts of Ecosystems and Laboratory (7 credits)
Biology
100, Biochemistry; or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, 100B, and 100C, Biochemistry (Upon completion of the series, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100C may be used to satisfy one elective.)
110, Cell Biology
115, Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
152, Community Ecology
169L, Field Methods in Plant Ecology Laboratory

Comprehensive Requirement

The comprehensive requirement for the plant sciences B.S. major is the same as for the general biology major. More detailed information is available from the advising office.

Plant Sciences B.S. Major Planner

The following is a recommended academic plan for students who wish to pursue the plant sciences major. The second plan is designed for transfer students

Junior Transfer Course Sequence

Year	Fall	Winter	Spring
3rd (jr)	Biol 169 elective Chem 108A/L	Biol 166* Biol 150 Chem 108 B/M	Biol 105 elective Engr 5
4th (sr)	Biol 175 elective internship or indep research	Biol 105 elective elective	Biol 168/L or 170/L Envs 161A/L elective
* Envs 162/L, Biol 166, and Biol 167/L are taught in alternate years

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Health Sciences Major

The B.S. major in health sciences is designed for students interested in careers in medicine or biomedical research and satisfies the admission requirements for most U.S. medical schools. It is based on the existing B.S. degree in molecular, cell, and developmental biology, with similar course requirements in chemistry, physics (note: the MCD B.S. requires calculus-based physics, i.e., 5 or 6 series; this major allows the 7 series), and math. Students are required to take five courses directly relevant to human health in addition to genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Students in this program must also fulfill Spanish language and health care internship requirements

Health Sciences B.S. Major Requirements

Introductory Requirements

• Biology 20A, 20B (or 21A and 21B), and 20L
• Chemistry 1B/M and 1C/N; and 108A/L and 108B/M or 112A/L and 112B/M (112C/N recommended)
• Mathematics 11A-B or 19A-B and 22 (three quarters of calculus)
• Physics 7A/L and 7B/M; or 6A/L, 6B/M, and 6C/N; or 5A/L, 5B/M, and 5C/N

A total of eight upper-division biology courses, as follows:

• Four core courses:
  100, Biochemistry; or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, 100B, and 100C, Biochemistry
  105, Genetics,
  110, Cell Biology,
  131/131L, Animal Physiology with lab
• Three of the following lecture courses:
  Anthropology
  107/107L, Human Anatomy
  Biology
  111, Immunology
  112, Virology
  113, Mammalian Endocrinology
  114, Cancer Cell Biology
  115 Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
  119 Microbiology
  120 Development
  125 Neuroscience
  126 Advanced Neural Development
  132 Comparative Physiology of Vertebrates
  133 Exercise Physiology
  188 Advanced Women’s Health
• Internship Requirement: Biology 198, equivalent to a 5-credit course. The student must participate in a community health care service activity approved by the Health Sciences Internship Coordinator. Credit may be earned over multiple quarters.
• Language Requirement: Spanish 1–4 or the equivalent and one quarter of Spanish for health care workers (Spanish 5M).

Comprehensive Requirement

The comprehensive requirement for the health sciences B.S. major is the same as for the general biology B.A. major. More detailed information is available from the advising office.

Health Sciences B.S. Major Planners

The following is a recommended academic plan for students to complete during their first two years as preparation for the health sciences major. Plan One is for students committed to the major.