Biology

Lower-Division Courses

3. Concepts in Biology. W
A non-survey course suitable for people who have not had biology. A historical and experimental approach covers five key biological concepts: homeostasis, the integration of structure and function, cell theory, the mechanism of heredity, and evolution. Students cannot receive credit for this course after receiving prior credit for course 20A, 20B, or 20C. Prerequisite(s): completion of biology placement exam. B. Marinovic

15. Undergraduate Research Reports (1 credit). F,W,S
Undergraduate students who work in faculty research laboratories present the results of their projects. Organized by the Minority Undergraduate Research Program and the Minority Access to Research Careers Program. Designed for students with membership in the above-mentioned programs. Prerequisite(s): qualifications as determined by instructor at first class meeting. May be repeated for credit. B. Bowman

20A. Cell and Molecular Biology. W,S
Introduction to molecular biology, cell physiology, and genetics. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 21A. Prerequisite(s): course 3 or a passing score on the biology placement exam, and Chemistry 1B. (General Education Code: IN.) (W) J. Feldman, (S) B. Bowman

20B. Development and Physiology. F,S
Topics in morphology, physiology, development, genetics, and endocrinology selected to exemplify current issues and perspectives in organismic biology. Prerequisite(s): course 20A. (F) B. Bowman, D. Costa, (S) I. Parker, T. Williams

20C. Ecology and Evolution. F,W
Introduction to ecology and evolution covering principles of evolution at the molecular, organismal, and population levels. Evolutionary topics include genetic and phenotypic variation, natural selection, adaptation, speciation, and macroevolution. Also covers behavioral, population, and community ecology including applied ecological issues. Prerequisite(s): passing score on Biology Placement Exam or course 3 or 20A or 20B. (F) D. Doak, G. Pogson, (W) G. Bernardi, D. Potts

20L. Experimental Biology Laboratory. F,W,S
Provides biology majors with the theory and practice of experimental biology. A wide range of concepts and techniques used in the modern laboratory are included in the exercises. Students may be enrolled concurrently in course 20C. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B; satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements for writing-intensive sections. Enrollment limited to 20. (General Education Code: W.) The Staff

21A. Accelerated Cell and Molecular Biology. W
Accelerated introduction to biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, and genetics, with an emphasis on class discussion and problem solving. Students must have a solid foundation in general chemistry and high school biology. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 20A. This course is equivalent to course 20A for prerequisites and major requirements. Prerequisite(s): Chemistry 1B. Students must apply for admission to this course. Admittance based on scores on the biology and chemistry placement exam and performance in Chemistry 1B. AP biology and chemistry credit will also be taken into account. Enrollment limited to 40. (General Education Code: IN.) M. Zúñiga

21B. Accelerated Development and Physiology. S
An accelerated introduction to topics in the organismal biology of plants and animals, covering morphology, anatomy, physiology, and development. Biology 21B counts as the equivalent of Biology 20B for prerequisites and major requirements. Prerequisite(s): grade (or equivalent performance level) of A in course 20A, or grade (or equivalent performance level) of A or B in course 21A. Enrollment limited to 40. I. Parker, T. Williams

21C. Accelerated Ecology and Evolution. F
Accelerated introduction to ecology and evolution, emphasizing principles and processes spanning molecular, organismal, population, community, and ecosystem levels. Topics include history of Earth and life, physical and chemical environments, biogeochemical cycling, genetic and phenotypic variation, natural selection, adaptation, demography, species interactions, speciation, macroevolution, and biogeography. Biology 21C counts as the equivalent of Biology 20C for prerequisites and major requirements. Prerequisite(s): by application; passing score on biology placement examination. Enrollment limited to 40. D. Doak, G. Pogson

42. Student-Directed Seminar. F,W,S
Seminars taught by upper-division students under faculty supervision. (See course 192.) The Staff

70. Introduction to Psychobiology. F
Brain sciences, behavior of animals and humans in the laboratory and field; the evolution of social behavior through natural selection. Topics include research techniques, neural mechanisms, sensory-motor processes, sensory systems, learning, biological rhythms, energy regulation. (General Education Code: IN.) E. Switkes, B. Bridgeman, W. Davis

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75. Scientific Diving Certification (2 credits). F,S
Prerequisite for course 161/L, Kelp Forest Ecology, and all research diving performed under the auspices of UCSC or other academic institutions. Course work includes lectures and scuba diving. Topics include subtidal sampling techniques, navigation, low visibility diving, search and recovery, rescues, small boat use, oxygen administration for divers, technical blue water deep diving, physics, and physiology. Pick up application in room A414 EMS during preceding quarter. Students are billed a course materials fee that covers costs for equipment use, materials, and transportation. Prerequisite(s): Skill level equal to Advanced Scuba Diver Certification, pass scuba physical, provide own scuba gear, be certified in CPR and First Aid; and interview: pass swim test and scuba skills test. Enrollment limited to 16. (Formerly Ocean Sciences 71.) The Staff

80A. Female Physiology and Gynecology. F,S
Biochemical, medical, social, and clinical aspects of the female body. Emphasis will be on biological-chemical interactions in the female organs. Topics include female anatomy, cell physiology, endocrine functions, sexuality and intimacy, sexually transmitted diseases, puberty, pregnancy, menopause, birth control, abortion, immunity, cancer. (General Education Code: T2-Natural Sciences.) (F) J. Thompson, (S) M. Zavanelli

80D. The State of the Ocean. W
Introduction to the oceans for nonscientists. Course deals with physical, chemical, and biological oceanography at a level that requires no background in the sciences. Lectures and reading include marine biology, the health of the ocean, and related ocean policy. (Note: General Education credit will not be granted for this course and Ocean Sciences 1.) (General Education Code: T2-Natural Sciences.) W. Davis

80F. The State of the World. S
Earth is treated as an integrated system, emphasizing biological and ecological principles. Topics include climate, global warming, deforestation, biodiversity, desertification, oceans, agriculture and diet, water, energy and wastes. The objective is to impart sufficient understanding to critically evaluate environmental policy. (General Education Code: T2-Natural Sciences.) W. Davis

80H. The Human Genome. F
Course will focus on understanding human genes. Accessible to non-science majors. Will cover principles of human inheritance and techniques used in gene analysis. The evolutionary, social, ethical, and legal issues associated with knowledge of the human genome will be discussed. (General Education Code: T2-Natural Sciences.) W. Rothwell

80J. Biology of AIDS. W
An overview of the biology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the social and legal issues that surround it are explored in a series of lectures by biology faculty and experts in the field. (General Education Code: T2-Natural Sciences.) M. Zavanelli

80L. The Secret Sex Lives of Plants. F
The long, tortuous, and sometimes comic history of the discovery of sexuality in plants, from Aristotle to Sprengel and Hofmeister, is examined as a case study of the cultural, religious, and psychological barriers that can operate to impede scientific understanding. Offered in alternate academic years. (General Education Code: T2-Natural Sciences.) L. Taiz

80N. Biology of Human Health and Nutrition. W
An introduction to the biology of human nutrition and its effects on human health. The course explores how nutrient balance, exercise, and age interact in their effects on human health, fitness, and disease. (General Education Code: T2-Natural Sciences.) J. Thompson

80P. Infectious Diseases and Human Populations. S
An overview of the biology of infectious diseases in human societies including why diseases vary in severity, how human bodies defend themselves, and how public health efforts cope with the problem of rapidly evolving pathogens. (General Education Code: T2-Natural Sciences.) J. Thompson

99. Tutorial. F,W,S
Individual, directed study for undergraduates. Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. The Staff

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Upper-Division Courses

100. Biochemistry. F,S
An introduction to biochemistry including biochemical molecules, protein structure and function, membranes, bioenergetics, and regulation of biosynthesis. Provides students with basic essentials of modern biochemistry and the background needed for upper-division biology courses. Students who plan to do advanced work in biochemistry and molecular biology should take the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100 series directly. Students cannot receive credit for this course after they have completed any two courses from the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, 100B, and 100C sequence with grades of Pass, C, or better. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B; and Chemistry 7 or 108A or 112A. (F) R. Ludwig, (S) M. Dalbey

105. Genetics. F,S
Mendelian and molecular genetics; mechanisms of heredity, mutation, recombination, and gene action. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 106. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B. (F) W. Sullivan, (S) J. Feldman

105L. Genetics Laboratory. F,S
Introduction to theoretical and practical aspects of genetic analysis in selected organisms presenting experiments on mutagenesis, recombination, and genetic mapping. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20L and 105; course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A recommended. (F) W. Sullivan, (S) M. Dalbey

*107. Population Genetics.
Basic population genetics and selected topics will be covered, including genetics of speciation, tempo and mode of evolution, genetics of social behavior, natural selection in human populations, and the impact of molecular studies on evolutionary theory. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 207. Concurrent enrollment in course 107L is required. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, 20L, and 105. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson, R. Vrijenhoek

*107L. Population Genetics Laboratory (2 credits).
A companion course to 107, Population Genetics, that applies the theory developed in that course to related disciplines including conservation biology, ecology, agriculture, and population biology. Original scientific literature relating to the theory developed in course 107 is read, and applied problem sets are solved by the students. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 207L. Concurrent enrollment in course 107 is required. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, 20L, and 105. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson, R. Vrijenhoek

109L. Yeast Molecular Genetics Laboratory. W
The powerful genetic and molecular techniques available for yeast combined with the complete genomic DNA sequence offers opportunity for discovery of fundamental aspects of eukaryotic life. Lab providing practical experience in using yeast as an experimental system. Prerequisite(s): courses 20L and 105; 115 strongly recommended. Enrollment limited to 15. M. Ares Jr., D. Kellogg

110. Cell Biology. F,S
Covers the structure, organization, and function of eukaryotic cells. Topics include biological membranes, organelles, protein and vesicular trafficking, cellular interactions, the cytoskeleton, and signal transduction. Requires a good understanding of basic biochemistry and molecular biology. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B; course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A. (F) A. Zahler, (S) D. Kellogg

111. Immunology. S
Immune systems-their manifestations and mechanisms of action. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 105 or 110. M. Zúñiga

113. Mammalian Endocrinology. W
Introduction to the major endocrine organs, their hormones, and their receptors. Emphasis is on the following topics: structural analysis of the hormones and receptors at the protein and molecular level, regulation of expression of hormones and their receptors, and the biological functions of hormones. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A. L. Ogren

114. Cancer Cell Biology. S
Focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind cancer. Topics covered include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell growth genes, checkpoint genes, telomeres, and apoptosis. Students will gain experience in reading the primary scientific literature. Prerequisite(s): course 110 or 115. A. Zahler

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115. Eukaryotic Molecular Biology. W
Covers eukaryotic gene and genome organization; DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis; regulation of gene expression; chromosome structure and organization; and the application of recombinant DNA technology to the study of these topics. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, and either course 105 or 106. G. Hartzog

116L. Eukaryotic Molecular Biology Laboratory. S
A laboratory designed to provide students with direct training in basic molecular techniques. Each laboratory is a separate module which together builds to allow cloning, isolation, and identification of a nucleic acid sequence from scratch. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 187L or 287L. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 20L, Chemistry 108B/M or 112C/N, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A or Biology 115. Enrollment limited to 20. M. Zavanelli

117A. Advanced Genetics. F
An analysis of selected topics in the primary research literature including conditional lethality, classical fine structure genetics, the coding problem, control of operon expression, phage lambda, and developmental genetics. Students cannot receive credit for this course and 200A. Prerequisite(s): course 105 and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A. A. Chisholm, R. Ludwig

117B. Advanced Molecular Biology. W
An in-depth coverage of the structure, function, and synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Discussion of the roles of macromolecules in the regulation of information in the cell. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 200B. Prerequisite(s): course 117A. J. Tamkun, G. Hartzog

117C. Advanced Cell Biology. S
An in-depth coverage of topics in cellular and subcellular organization, structure and function in plants and animals. Emphasis on current research problems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 200C. Previous or concurrent enrollment in courses 110 and 117B is required. W. Sullivan, D. Kellogg

119. Microbiology. W
Cell and molecular biology of bacteria and their viruses, including applications in medicine, public health, agriculture, and biotechnology. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 119. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B. K. Ottemann

119L. Microbiology Laboratory. W
An introduction to the principles and practices of laboratory microbiology. Students are billed for a materials fee. Course 119 may be taken concurrently. Prerequisite(s): courses 20L and 119. M. Dalbey

120. Development. S
A description and analysis of selected developmental events in the life cycle of animals. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms are emphasized. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A, and course 105. A. Chisholm

120L. Development Laboratory. S
Experimental studies of animal development using a variety of locally obtainable organisms. Approximately eight hours weekly, but it will often be necessary to monitor continuing experiments throughout the week. Concurrent enrollment in course 120 required. Prerequisite(s): course 100 or Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A and course 110. A. Chisholm

125. Introduction to Neuroscience. F
The structure and function of the nervous system. Topics include elementary electrical principles, biophysics and physiology of single nerve and muscle cells, signal transduction at synapses, development of the nervous system, and neural basis of behavior. Requires a good understanding of basic biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology. Concurrent enrollment in course 105 or 110 is encouraged. Prerequisite(s): course 100. (Formerly Neuroscience.) D. Feldheim

126. Advanced Molecular Neuroscience. S
Explores in detail cellular and molecular events that underlay the function of the nervous system. Topics include neural development, axon guidance and regeneration, advanced electrical principles (synaptic transmission through a variety of receptors), synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, as well as several neural disorders. Prerequisite(s): course 125. L. Hinck

127. Bioenergetics. S
Energy flow through living systems examined at the cellular, organismic, and population levels. Lectures given by several faculty, focusing on their individual research interests. Topics include ATP synthesis, thermoregulation, biological rhythms, sleep, hibernation, foraging, migration, diving, reproduction, stress, social evolution, and population regulation. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. The Staff

*128. Advanced Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology.
Emphasizes comparative studies in both invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems to provide rigorous, first hand knowledge in neural development. Specific topics include neurogenesis, fate determination, migration, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Students must participate actively in lectures and discussions. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 228. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor; students need a solid background in molecular, cellular, and developmental biology. Enrollment limited to 10. (Formerly course 126, Advanced Neural Development.) L. Hinck

128L. Neural Genetics Laboratory. W
A genetics laboratory course using the nematode C. elegans as a model organism to understand the development and function of the nervous system. Comprehensive research projects are designed to teach the basic methodology and principles of genetic analysis. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20L, and 105. Enrollment limited to 16. (Formerly C. elegans Neural Genetics Laboratory.) Y. Jin

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130. Human Physiology. W
Function, organization, and regulation of the major organ systems of humans, with emphasis on integration among systems. Prerequisite(s): course 110, Cell Biology; vertebrate anatomy course recommended preparation. L. Ogren

130L. Human Physiology Lab (2 credits). W
Examines fundamental principles of systemic physiology focusing on the human. Concurrent enrollment in course 130 is required. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 110; 20L is strongly recommended. L. Ogren

131. Animal Physiology. F
Principles and concepts underlying the function of tissues and organ systems in animals with emphasis on vertebrate systems. Must be taken concurrently with course 131L. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20L; Physics 5C, 6C, or 7B; and Mathematics 11A or 19A; biochemistry, cell biology, and vertebrate anatomy courses recommended. L. Ogren

131L. Animal Physiology Laboratory (2 credits). F
Experiments conducted with primary focus on quantitative physiological principles of organ systems and intact organisms. Must be taken concurrently with course 131. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20L; Physics 5C, 6C, or 7B; and Mathematics 11A or 19A; biochemistry, physics, cell biology, and some vertebrate anatomy courses recommended. Enrollment limited to 25. L. Ogren

132. Comparative Physiology of Vertebrates. W
Comparative physiology of mammals, birds, and fish with emphasis on locomotor performance and exercise in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Cardiovascular, respiratory, and skeletal muscle systems examined. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; biochemistry, cell biology, and vertebrate anatomy recommended. T. Williams

133. Exercise Physiology. S
An advanced-level course concerning physiological and biochemical processes associated with human performance. Emphasis is on the integration of organ systems for exercise. Topics include metabolism and fuel utilization, cardiovascular and respiratory dynamics during activity, and the effects of training. Requires a good understanding of basic physiological function and anatomy. Must be taken concurrently with course 133L. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 233. Prerequisite(s): by interview; course 131 or 132 recommended as preparation. Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments. Offered in alternate academic years. T. Williams

133L. Exercise Physiology Laboratory (2 credits). S
An introduction to basic measurement techniques used in assessing the physiological response of humans to exercise. Sessions cover oxygen consumption, respiratory rate, and heart rate monitoring during aerobic and anaerobic activity. Must be taken concurrently with course 133. Prerequisite(s): by interview; course 131 or 132 recommended as preparation. Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to juniors and seniors in majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments. Offered in alternate academic years. T. Williams

134. Comparative Toxicology. S
Emphasizes the physiologic and biochemical basis of toxicity across organ systems and animal species, including the types of cellular response to toxic compounds and the role of organ system structure/function in susceptibility to toxicity. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 234, Environmental Toxicology 134 and 234, and Ocean Sciences 238. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 134. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; courses 100 and 131 or 132 recommended. D. Smith

135. Anatomy of the Human Body. S
Study of structure and function of the human body through lectures with an evolutionary perspective including regional anatomy and body systems. (Also offered as Anthropology 107. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B or Anthropology 1. The Staff

135L. Anatomy of the Human Body Laboratory (2 credits). S
Study of structure and function of the human body using dissection, comparative vertebrate anatomy, anatomical models, and computer-assisted instruction. Students are billed for a lab fee. Concurrent enrollment in course 135 is required. (Also offered as Anthropology 107L. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B or Anthropology 1. Enrollment limited to 48. The Staff

136. Invertebrate Zoology. W
An examination of invertebrates and their habitats. Lecture format. Course 136L must be taken concurrently. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. Enrollment limited to 96. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments. B. Marinovic

136L. Invertebrate Zoology Laboratory (2 credits). W
An examination of invertebrates and their habitats. Weekly laboratories or field trips. Biology 136 must be taken concurrently. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. Enrollment limited to 96. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments. B. Marinovic

137. Ichthyology. F
An introduction to the biology of jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes—their classification, evolution, form, physiology, and ecology. Course 137L must be taken concurrently. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

137L. Ichthyology Laboratory (2 credits). F
One laboratory session a week and several field trips to study the biology of fish. Must be taken concurrently with course 137. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

138. Biology and Ecology of the Vertebrates. F
Introduction to the fundamentals of vertebrate biology and ecology including evolutionary history, basic anatomy and physiology, systematics, ecology, and major specializations for locomotion, reproduction, homeostasis, energy balance, and thermoregulation. Prerequisite to Environmental Studies 106 series. Concurrent enrollment in course 138L required. (Also offered as Environmental Studies 105. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C; or Environmental Studies 24. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments. M. Fusari

138L. Biology and Ecology of the Vertebrates Laboratory (2 credits). F
Covers the basics of vertebrate anatomy and taxonomy with emphasis on local species identification. Lab includes a weekly film series and two Saturday trips to the California Academy of Sciences. Prerequisite to the Environmental Studies 106 series. Concurrent enrollment in course 138 is required. (Also offered as Environmental Studies 105L. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): Environmental Studies 24 or course 20C. Enrollment limited to 50. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments. M. Fusari

139. Biology of Marine Mammals. S
A survey of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters, including natural history, systematics, physiology, behavior, anatomy, and conservation. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; course 138 is recommended. D. Costa

139L. Biology of Marine Mammals Laboratory (2 credits). S
Covers the basics of marine mammal taxonomy, anatomy, and field methods with an emphasis on local field identification and understanding of local species. Will include field trips to Long Marine Lab, Ano Nuevo, and Monterey Bay. Must be taken concurrently with course 139. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. D. Costa

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140. Behavioral Ecology. F
An introduction to social and reproductive behavior. Emphasis on studies of vertebrates in their natural habitat. Ideas concerning the evolution of social behavior, mating systems, and individual reproductive strategies. Case histories of well-studied animals that illustrate key principles in courtship and mating, parental behavior, and food-getting behavior. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. B. Sinervo

*141. Ecological Field Methods.
Field–oriented course in the study of animal ecology and behavior. Combines overview of methodologies and approaches to field research with practical field studies. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements; permission of instructor; course 20C required; course 140, 150, 152, or 160 recommended. Enrollment limited to 25. (Formerly Field Methods for the Study of Animal Biology.) (General Education Code: W.) D. Croll

142. Ocean Ecosystems. W
Discussion of selected topics in animal ecology of the open sea: zooplankton production, variability of pelagic populations, food webs, deep-sea pelagic and benthic ecology, fisheries oceanography, and human effects on the open ocean biota. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 242. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 142. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L or equivalent; one ocean sciences course recommended. M. Silver

143. Herpetology. W
Lectures introduce students to evolution, development, physiology, behavior, ecology, and life history of reptiles and amphibians. The materials integrate with conceptual and theoretical issues of ecology, evolution, physiology, and behavior. Concurrent enrollment in course 143L required. Prerequisite(s): course 20L, and course 140, 150, 175 or Environmental Studies 105. Enrollment limited to 25. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments, and environmental studies majors. Enrollment limited. Offered in alternate academic years. B. Sinervo

143L. Field Methods in Herpetological Research (2 credits). W
Field trips introduce students to natural history, censusing techniques, physiological ecology, and behavioral analysis of reptiles and amphibians. Laboratories introduce students to techniques for analyzing behavior and physiology. Field studies culminate with a group project in a natural setting. Some field trips may be held on weekends due to weather considerations. Some field trips may require students to provide their own transportation, some transportation will be provided by UCSC. Students are billed for a materials fee. Concurrent enrollment in course 143 is required. Prerequisite(s): course 20L; and course 140, 150, 175, or Environmental Studies 105. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments, and environmental studies majors. Offered in alternate academic years. B. Sinervo

144. Ornithology. F
Introduction to the evolution, ecology, behavior, and natural history of birds, using exemplary case histories to illustrate key concepts in evolution, ecology, and behavior. Concurrent enrollment in course 144L is required. Prerequisite(s): course 140, 150, or 175, or Environmental Studies 24 or 105. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. B. Lyon

144L. Ornithology Field Studies (2 credits). F
Field trips introduce students to field identification skills and field investigation of census, foraging behavior, migration, social behavior, and communication. Examination of specimens in the laboratory will be used to highlight the diversity and taxonomy of birds. Concurrent enrollment in course 144 is required. Students are billed for a materials fee. Some field trips may require students to provide their own transportation. Prerequisite(s): course 140, 150, or 175, or Environmental Studies 24 or 105. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. B. Lyon

145L. Behavioral Ecology Field Course.
A field-based course introducing students to concepts and methods for studying behavioral ecology in nature. Students will conduct observations and field experiments on various local model organisms including elephant seals, hummingbirds, sparrows, lizards, ants, bees, frogs, and salamanders. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): course 20L, and course 140 or 150 or Environmental Studies 105. Enrollment limited to 25. (Formerly course 140L.) Offered in alternate academic years. B. Sinervo, B. Lyon

148. Quantitative Ecology for Conservation. W
Biological processes behind conservation problems and the quantitative tools needed to successfully address issues in both basic and applied ecology. Emphasis on data analysis and mathematical modeling of ecological processes at the population and community levels. Course 148L must be taken concurrently. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C; and Engineering 5 or 7 (formerly Mathematics 5 or 7); and Mathematics 11A. D. Doak

148L. Quantitative Ecology for Conservation Lab (2 credits). W
Focuses on computational methods used to solve biological problems. Weekly homework assignments issued; students learn to program in language MATLAB. Course 148 must be taken concurrently. Prerequisite(s): courses 20B and 20C, Engineering 5 or 7 (formerly Mathematics 5 or 7), and Mathematics 11A. Enrollment limited to 25. D. Doak

150. Ecology. W
Focuses on physiological, behavioral, and population ecology, and on linking ecological processes to evolution. It includes basic principles, experimental approaches, concepts of modeling, and applications to ecological problems. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C. B. Lyon

152. Community Ecology. S
Develops the major themes of community biology: structure, trophic dynamics, succession, complex interactions among species, herbivory, evolution and coevolution. Uses case histories of well-studied marine and terrestrial systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 252. Prerequisite(s): course 150 or Environmental Studies 24. Enrollment limited to 50. L. Fox

158. Ecology of Reefs, Mangroves, and Seagrasses. W
Integrated treatment of coral reefs, sea grasses, and mangroves emphasizing interactions and processes through time. Major topics: biological and geological history, biogeography, evolution and ecology of dominant organisms, biodiversity, community and ecosystem ecology, geology, biogeochemistry, global change, human impacts. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 157. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and one relevant upper-division course in biology, Earth sciences, or ocean sciences, such as course 150 or 175; Earth Sciences 101, 102, or 105; or Ocean Sciences 101. (Formerly Tropical Coastal Environments.) D. Potts

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160. Marine Ecology. W
Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology; analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 260. Prerequisite(s): course 150 or 140 or Environmental Studies 24. M. Carr

160L. Marine Ecology Laboratory. S
Supervised individual research projects in experimental marine biology. Students carry out a complete research project, including (1) the formation of hypotheses, (2) the design and implementation of experiments, (3) collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and (4) write-up of an oral presentation. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): by interview to assess ability to carry out field project; courses 20L and 160. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. M. Carr

161. Kelp Forest Ecology. F
Study of organization of kelp forests as models for examining biological communities. The physical and biotic factors responsible for community organization of kelp forests are explored using original literature and data collected in course 161L. Class meets one full morning each week. Course 161L must be taken concurrently. Prerequisite(s): by interview; courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L are required; courses 136/L, 150, or 170/L are recommended. Students must pass the University Research Diving Certification (contact the Diving Safety Officer, Institute of Marine Sciences, for further information). Enrollment limited to 24. Enrollment restricted to seniors in majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments, and the combined major in environmental studies and biology. Offered in alternate academic years. M. Carr, P. Raimondi

161L. Kelp Forest Ecology Laboratory (2 credits). F
Fieldwork using SCUBA to quantitatively and qualitatively examine the abundance and distribution of organisms in kelp forests, with additional laboratory work. Culminates with a directed individual research project. Class meets one full morning each week. Course 161 must be taken concurrently. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): by interview; courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L are required; courses 136/L, 150, or 170/L are recommended. Students must pass the University Research Diving Certification (contact the Diving Safety Officer, Institute of Marine Sciences, for further information). Enrollment limited to 24. Enrollment restricted to seniors in majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments, and the combined major in environmental studies and biology. Offered in alternate academic years. M. Carr, P. Raimondi

*162. Marine Ecology Field Quarter (19 credits).
Total immersion in marine ecology for very motivated students. Students will develop a research project during first four weeks on campus and then spend six weeks of immersion in directed research without distraction in isolated locations off campus (past locations include the Gulf of California in Mexico and Moorea in Tahiti). Not available through University Extension. No other courses may be taken during this quarter. Students must sign a contract agreeing to standards of behavior outlined in the UCSC Rule Book and by the instructors. Students are billed for a materials, transportation (not airfare), and housing fee. Course credit cannot be received for this course and courses 137, 137L, 160, or 160L. Must be taken concurrently with courses 162A, 162B, 162C, and 162D. Prerequisite(s): by interview during previous winter quarter. Enrollment limited to 25. Offered in alternate academic years.

*A. Marine Ecology with Laboratory.
Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology, and analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students will carry out a complete research project, including the formation of hypotheses; the design and implementation of experiments; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; and the write-up and oral presentation of results. Enrollment limited to 25. P. Raimondi, G. Bernardi

*B. Icthyology with Laboratory.
An introduction to the biology of jawless, cartilaginous, and bony fishes—their classification, evolution, form, physiology, and ecology. Enrollment limited to 25. P. Raimondi, G. Bernardi

*C. Methods in Field Ecology.
Students will learn quantitative methods for field experiments and surveys. The emphasis will be on marine environments but there will also be exposure to terrestrial systems. This course is the lecture component to course 162D. No text is required for this course; instead, readings from the current literature will be assigned. Students will be evaluated on written independent field project proposals and class participation. Enrollment limited to 25. P. Raimondi, G. Bernardi

*D. Methods in Field Ecology Laboratory (4 credits).
This is the laboratory portion of course 162C. Students will carry out independent field projects under the supervision of course instructors. All work will be done during the 5-6 week off-campus portion of course 162. Students will be evaluated on field techniques, the final write-up of their independent field projects, and class participation. Enrollment limited to 25. P. Raimondi, G. Bernardi

A. Plant Ecology. F
Exploration of ecology of plant form, function, distribution, abundance, and diversity. Topics include photosynthesis, water relations, life history variation, pollination, competition, herbivory, and patterns of diversity. Special focus on desert plants and adaptations to life in arid environments. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of Subject A and Composition requirements. Enrollment limited to 24. (General Education Code: W.) D. Croll, I. Parker

B. Field Methods in Animal Biology. F
Field-oriented course in study of animal biology. Combines lectures on approaches and methodologies with practical field studies. Complete field projects in animal ecology and behavior and also learn natural history of animals of Baja California. Enrollment limited to 24. D. Croll, I. Parker

C. Field Methods in Plant Ecology. F
Hands-on exploration of concepts and techniques of plant ecology with focus on desert ecosystems. Complete directed field projects in plant ecology and also learn natural history of plants of Baja California. Enrollment limited to 24. D. Croll, I. Parker

D. Independent Field Research (4 credits). F
Participate in substantial field projects under the supervision of course instructors: develop research proposals, carry out field work at island and mainland locations in Baja California, analyze data, and prepare final research papers and oral presentations. Enrollment limited to 24. D. Croll, I. Parker

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166. Plant Physiology. W
Cellular and organismal functions important in the life of green plants. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A and 20B and Chemistry 7; a course in cell biology recommended; courses 100 and 110 are highly recommended as preparation. Offered in alternate academic years. L. Taiz

*167. Seed Plant Anatomy.
Plant vegetative and reproductive structures are considered at the organ, tissue, and cellular levels. Structure-function relationships are considered from an evolutionary perspective. Must be taken concurrently with course 167L. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments, and the environmental studies/biology combined major. L. Taiz

*167L. Seed Plant Anatomy Laboratory (2 credits).
One laboratory weekly which focuses on analysis of the vegetative and reproductive structures of plants, with emphasis on angiosperms and gymnosperms. Must be taken concurrently with course 167. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. Enrollment limited to 24. Enrollment restricted to majors sponsored by the Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Departments, and the environmental studies/biology combined major. L. Taiz

168. Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants. S
An examination of the taxonomy and evolution of flowering plants. Special topics include phylogenetics and cladistics, plant species concepts, and modern methods of systematic research. Must be taken concurrently with course 168L. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; or Environmental Studies 24. Enrollment limited to 32. The Staff

168L. Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants Laboratory (2 credits). S
One laboratory meeting weekly concerned primarily with California flora and plant families. Several field trips. Must be taken concurrently with course 168. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, and 20C; or Environmental Studies 24. Enrollment limited to 32. The Staff

*169. Plant Ecology.
An exploration of the ecology of plant form, function, distribution, abundance, and diversity. Topics include plant adaptations to environmental conditions, life history variation, competition, reproductive ecology, herbivory, and patterns of diversity. Lecture with discussions of original papers and independent field project. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 269. Prerequisite(s): course 20C or Environmental Studies 24. Course 150 is recommended. Enrollment limited to 30. (Formerly Field Methods in Plant Ecology.) I. Parker

*169L. Field Methods in Plant Ecology.
Hands-on exploration of the concepts and techniques of plant ecology. A combination of lab, greenhouse, and field-based exercises (irrespective of weather conditions). Statistical analysis and scientific writing. One required weekend field trip. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 269L. Students are billed for a materials fee. Concurrent enrollment in course 169 is required. Prerequisite(s): satisfaction of the Subject A and Composition requirements, course 20C or Environmental Studies 24. Course 150 is recommended. Enrollment limited to 22. (Formerly Field Methods in Plant Ecology Laboratory.) (General Education Code: W.) I. Parker

170. Marine Botany. S
An introduction to the biology of marine algae, fungi, and angiosperms with regard to form and function. Major boreal, temperate, and tropical marine plant communities. Lecture format. Must be taken concurrently with course 170L. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. The Staff

170L. Marine Botany Laboratory (2 credits). S
One laboratory weekly and several field trips. Focuses on marine algae, fungi, and angiosperms. Students are billed for a materials fee. Must be taken concurrently with course 170. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. Enrollment limited to 20. The Staff

171. Marine Microbial Ecology. S
The study of marine bacteria and their role in the marine ecosystem. Emphasis on biochemistry and physiology in relation to metabolic activity and elemental cycles, trophic interactions, and flows of material and energy in marine food webs. Exams and term paper required. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Ocean Sciences 218. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 118. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and Chemistry 1C. J. Zehr

*174. Evolutionary Game Theory.
Reviews static equilibrium concepts, games of incomplete information, and the traditional theory of dynamic games in discrete time. Develops recent evolutionary game models, including replicator and best reply dynamics, and applications to economics, computer science, and biology. Taught conjointly with course 274. Prerequisite(s): upper-division math courses in probability theory are strongly recommended. B. Sinervo, M. Warmuth, D. Friedman

175. Evolution. F
An examination of the history and mechanisms of evolutionary change. Topics include molecular evolution, natural and sexual selection, adaptation, speciation, biogeography, and macroevolution. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 105. Enrollment limited to 75. G. Pogson

176. Molecular Ecology and Evolution. S
An introduction to evolution at the molecular level. Topics include neutral theory of evolution, natural selection, molecular clocks, molecular phylogenetics, and biogeography. Must be taken concurrently with course 176L. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. Enrollment limited to 75. (Formerly Molecular Evolution.) Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

176L. Molecular Ecology and Evolution Laboratory (2 credits). S
One laboratory section per week that applies the theory developed in course 176 to computer and laboratory experiments. Course 176 must be taken concurrently. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L. Enrollment limited to 75. (Formerly Molecular Evolution Laboratory.) Offered in alternate academic years. G. Bernardi

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185F. Hughes Undergraduate Research Lab (2 credits). F,W,S
Covers the application of modern research techniques to unanswered questions in human molecular genetics. Especially designed for self-motivated students interested in scientific discovery. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 25. M. Ares Jr.

185L. Hughes Undergraduate Research Lab. F,W,S
Covers the application of modern research techniques to unanswered questions in human molecular genetics. Especially designed for self-motivated students interested in scientific discovery. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 25. M. Ares Jr.

186. Experimental Design and Data Analysis. W
Focuses on problems and designs in ecology and population biology. Topics include basic experimental design; exploratory data analysis—from a graphical perspective; hands-on statistics; and graphical theory. Structured around a statistical analysis and graphics computer program to teach students to design their own surveys and experiments and analyze their data correctly. Prerequisite(s): Mathematics 11B or 19B, and Engineering 5 or 7; graduate level course; undergraduates by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. (Formerly Probability, Sampling, and Experimental Design.) (General Education Code: Q.) P. Raimondi

187L. Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory. F
An intensive molecular biology laboratory that presents procedures used in molecular and biotechnology research. Topics and procedures include DNA/RNA isolation, cloning and library construction, southern and northern hybridization, DNA fingerprinting, PCR, manual and automated sequencing, and computer methods for analyzing molecular data. New procedures currently being developed in biotechnology industries are presented by industry representatives. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 116L or 287L. Students are billed for a materials fee. Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, 20L, 100, and 110. Enrollment limited to 20. M. Zavanelli

190. Proseminar.
Selected topics in biology. The Staff

191. Teaching College Biology.
A series of courses designed to provide undergraduates at the upper-division level with an opportunity to participate in planning and teaching college-level biology. May not be repeated for credit. The Staff

192. Directed Student Teaching. F,W,S
Teaching of a lower-division seminar under faculty supervision. (See course 42.) Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. The Staff

193. Field Study. F,W,S
Provides for individual programs of study carried out under the direct supervision of a member of the Biology Department and using resources not normally available on campus. With permission of the department, may be repeated for credit, or two or three courses may be taken concurrently. Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

193F. Field Study (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for individual programs of study carried out under the direct supervision of a member of the Biology Department and using resources not normally available on campus. With permission of the department, may be repeated for credit. Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

195. Senior Thesis Research. F,W,S
An individually supervised course, with emphasis on independent research, to culminate in a senior thesis. Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. The Staff

198. Independent Field Study. F,W,S
Provides for individual programs of study (a) by means other than the usual supervision in person, or (b) when the student is doing all or most of the course work off campus. With permission of the department, may be repeated for credit, or two or three courses taken concurrently. Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

198F. Independent Field Study (2 credits). F,W,S
Provides for two units of independent field study (a) by means other than the usual supervision in person, or (b) when the student is doing all or most of the course work off campus. Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

199. Tutorial. F,W,S
Reading, discussion, written reports, and laboratory research on selected biological topics, using facilities normally available on campus. Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

199F. Tutorial (2 credits). F,W,S
Two unit Tutorial. Reading, discussion, written reports, and laboratory research on selected biological topics, using facilities normally available on campus. Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

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Graduate Courses

200A. Advanced Genetics. F
An analysis of selected topics in the primary research literature including conditional lethality, classical fine structure genetics, the coding problem, control of operon expression, phage lambda, and developmental genetics. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 117A. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Qualified undergraduates may enroll in course 117A. A. Chisholm, R. Ludwig

200B. Advanced Molecular Biology. W
An in-depth coverage of the structure, function, and synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Discussion of the roles of macromolecules in the regulation of information in the cell. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 117B. Prerequisite(s): course 200A. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Qualified advanced undergraduates may enroll in course 117B. J. Tamkun, G. Hartzog

200C. Advanced Cell Biology. S
An in-depth coverage of topics in cellular and subcellular organization, structure, and function in plants and animals. Emphasis on current research problems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 117C. Prerequisite(s): course 200B. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Qualified undergraduates may enroll in course 117C. W. Sullivan, D. Kellogg

*201. RNA Processing.
An advanced graduate-level course on biological aspects of RNA function and processing in eukaryotes. Lectures and discussions will be developed using the current literature. Prerequisite(s): course 200B or permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 15. M. Ares Jr.

204. Chromatin. S
Eukaryotic DNA is complexed with histones to form chromatin. This course focuses on the ways in which chromatin influences and is manipulated to regulate gene expression Prerequisite(s): courses 105 and 115; undergrads by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 15. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. G. Hartzog, J. Tamkun

*207. Population Genetics.
Basic population genetics and selected topics are covered including genetics of speciation, tempo and mode of evolution, genetics of social behavior, natural selection in human populations, and the impact of molecular studies on evolutionary theory. Students cannot receive credit for this course and Biology 107. Concurrent enrollment in course 207L is required. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson, R. Vrijenhoek

*207L. Population Genetics Laboratory (2 credits).
A companion course to 207, Population Genetics, that applies the theory developed in that course to related disciplines including conservation biology, ecology, agriculture, and population biology. Original scientific literature relating to the theory developed in course 207 is read, and applied problem sets are solved by the students. Must be taken concurrently with course 207. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 107L. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Offered in alternate academic years. G. Pogson, R. Vrijenhoek

*208. Cellular Signaling Mechanisms.
All eukaryotic cells utilize intricate signaling pathways to control such diverse events as cell-cell communication, cell division, and changes in cell morphology. This course covers the molecular basis of these cellular signaling pathways, focusing on the most current research. Prerequisite(s): courses 105, 110, and 115. Enrollment limited to 15. Enrollment restricted to seniors and graduate students. Offered in alternate academic years. D. Kellogg, A. Chisholm

210. Application and Analysis of Microarrays. W
Topics include but are not limited to microarray production techniques, experimental strategies using microarrays, extraction and analysis of microarray data, DNA and protein arrays, SNP analysis, gene expression analysis, materials analysis, and advanced analysis of data using bioinformatic techniques. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; undergraduates by permission of instructor. T. Lowe

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228. Advanced Topics in Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology. S
Emphasizes comparative studies in both invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems to provide rigorous, first-hand knowledge in neural development. Specific topics include neurogenesis, fate determination, migration, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Students must participate actively in lectures and discussions. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 128. Enrollment limited to 15. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Undergraduates may enroll by interview only. (Formerly course 226.) L. Hinck

233. Exercise Physiology. S
Physiological and biochemical processes associated with human performance. Students are expected to be familiar with basic organ physiology, biochemistry, and human anatomy. Focuses on bioenergetics and fuel utilization, cardiovascular and respiratory dynamics during activity, and the effects of training, age, and disease on exercise. Laboratory sessions incorporated into study sections. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 133. Prerequisite(s): by interview; course 131 or 132 recommended as preparation. Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Offered in alternate academic years. T. Williams

234. Comparative Toxicology. S
Emphasizes the physiologic and biochemical basis of toxicity across organ systems and animal species, including the types of cellular response to toxic compounds and the role of organ system structure/function in susceptibility to toxicity. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 134, Environmental Toxicology 134 and 234, and Ocean Sciences 238. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 234 and Ocean Sciences 238. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment limited to 12. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; seniors with permission of instructor. D. Smith

242. Ocean Ecosystems. W
Discussion of selected topics in animal ecology of the open sea: zooplankton production, variability of pelagic populations, food webs, deep sea pelagic and benthic ecology, fisheries oceanography, and human effects on the open ocean biota. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 142. (Also offered as Ocean Sciences 242. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): courses 20A, 20B, 20C, and 20L or an equivalent introductory biology sequence with lab; one ocean sciences course recommended. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Silver

248. Quantitative Ecology for Conservation. W
Lecture covers the application of ecology and genetics to conservation biology. Emphasizes mathematical analysis and quantitative thinking; features mathematical homework, computer lab sessions, and independent projects. Prerequisite(s): interview to review background. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. D. Doak

250A. Advanced Organismal Biology. F
Consists of lectures focusing on pivotal topics in ecology and evolution. Relevant background material is developed followed by a critical analysis of readings from the primary literature. Designed to give graduate (and advanced undergraduate) students direct contact with the major areas of research that are currently at the forefront of organismal biology. Offered in alternate academic years. D. Costa, B. Lyon

250B. Scientific Skills. W
Exposes graduate students to teaching skills, understanding the scientific method, searching and organizing literature, grant proposal and scientific writing, data management and presentation, and scientific speaking. Students are evaluated on their participation and the quality of a written research proposal. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Carr

252. Community Ecology. S
Develops the major themes of community ecology: structure, trophic dynamics, succession, complex interactions among species, herbivory, evolution, and coevolution. Uses case histories of well-studied marine and terrestrial systems. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 152. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. L. Fox

253. Topics in Population and Community Ecology (2 credits). W
Each year, this seminar will focus on one topic in ecology, including community interaction models, movement analysis, demographic modeling, or stability-diversity relationships. Students will lead discussions and complete independent projects tied to the course material. Prerequisite(s): interview to review background. Enrollment limited to 15. (Formerly course 248.) Offered in alternate academic years. D. Doak

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260. Marine Ecology. W
Paradigms and designs in marine ecology. A review of the paradigms that have shaped our understanding of marine ecology; analysis and discussion of experiments with these paradigms. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 160. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. M. Carr

260L. Experimental Marine Ecology. S
Supervised individual research projects in experimental marine biology. Students carry out a complete research project, including (1) the formation of hypotheses, (2) the design and implementation of experiments, (3) collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, and (4) the write-up of an oral presentation. Prerequisite(s): course 260; and interview to assess ability to carry out field project. Enrollment limited to 20. Offered in alternate academic years. P. Raimondi, M. Carr

*269. Plant Ecology.
An exploration of the ecology of plant form, function, distribution, abundance, and diversity. Topics include plant adaptations to environmental conditions, life history variation, competition, reproductive ecology, herbivory, and patterns of diversity. Lecture with discussions of original papers and independent field project. Concurrent enrollment in course 269L is required except by permission of instructor. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 169. Prerequisite(s): course 150 or Environmental Studies 24 or permission of instructor. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. (Formerly Field Methods in Plant Ecology.) I. Parker

*269L. Field Methods in Plant Ecology Laboratory.
Hands-on exploration of the concepts and techniques of plant ecology. A combination of lab, greenhouse, and field-based exercises (irrespective of weather conditions), statistical analysis, and scientific writing. One required weekend field trip. Concurrent enrollment in course 269 is required. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 169. Enrollment limited to 2. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. (Formerly Plant Ecology Laboratory.) I. Parker

*274. Evolutionary Game Theory.
Reviews static equilibrium concepts, games of incomplete information, and the traditional theory of dynamic games in discrete time. Develops recent evolutionary game models, including replicator and best reply dynamics, and applications to economics, computer science, and biology. Taught conjointly with course 174. (Also offered as Economics 272. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Prerequisite(s): upper-division math courses in probability theory are strongly recommended. Offered in alternate academic years. The Staff

279. Evolutionary Ecology. F
Analysis of the ways in which ongoing evolution and coevolution shape the ecological structure and dynamics of populations, species, and species interactions across geographic landscapes. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. J. Thompson

280A. Topics in Research on Molecular Genetics of Yeast. F,W,S
Intensive research seminar on the structure and function of the gene expression machinery in the simple eukaryote Saccharomyces cervisiae and its relationship to the human gene expression machinery. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with approval of instructor. May be repeated for credit. M. Ares Jr.

280C. Developmental Genetics of C. elegans. F,W,S
An intensive seminar concerning genetic and molecular analysis of development of the nematode worm C. elegans. Participants are required to present results of their own research and to review relevant papers. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of the instructor. (Formerly course 281C.) May be repeated for credit. A. Chisholm

280D. RNA Processing (2 credits). F,W,S
A discussion of current research and literature concerning the regulation of precursor messenger RNA processing. Enrollment limited to 10. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. A. Zahler

280F. Development of Vertebrate Neural Connections. F,W,S
Intensive research seminar on molecular mechanisms by which neural connections are established during mouse development. Special focus on topographic maps and role of Eph receptors and ephrins in this process. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. D. Feldheim

280G. Plant-Bacterial Interactions. F,W,S
Comprises a weekly seminar given by the faculty instructor and enrolled students on the molecular biology and biochemistry of plant-bacterial interactions. Topics are selected from those of particular relevance to ongoing laboratory research. Students are required to present and analyze results of either their own laboratory research or published papers in the research literature of the field. Prerequisite(s): courses 117A and 117B or 200A and 200B. May be repeated for credit. R. Ludwig

280H. Topics on Research into Chromatin and Transcription. F,W,S
Seminar covering research into the effects of chromatin on transcription in yeast. Enrollment limited to 10. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 281G.) May be repeated for credit. G. Hartzog

280K. Topics in Cell Cycle Research. F,W,S
An intensive seminar focusing on current research on the molecular mechanisms that control cell division. Participants are required to present results of their own research or to review journal articles of interest. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 281K.) D. Kellogg

280L. Topics on Neural Development. F,W,S
Seminar covering research into the development of the embryonic nervous system. Enrollment limited to 12. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. (Formerly course 281H.) May be repeated for credit. L. Hinck

280N. Structure and Function of Ribosomes. F,W,S
An intensive and advanced course focusing on the structure and function of ribosomes. Participants present research findings in an organized, critical fashion, in the context of current research literature in the ribosome field. Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduate students may enroll with permission of the instructor. May be repeated for credit. H. Noller

280O. Topics in Bacterial Pathogenesis. F,W,S
Intensive seminar focusing on mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis of the ulcer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Participants are required to present results from their own research and relevant journal articles. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 281O. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 281O.) May be repeated for credit. K. Ottemann

280T. Molecular Biology of Drosophila Development. F,W,S
An intensive seminar concerning the molecular genetics of Drosophila. Recent research is discussed weekly, with an emphasis on gene regulation and development. Students present critical reviews of recent articles at least once during the quarter. Qualified undergraduates are encouraged to enroll with permission of instructor. Prerequisite(s): see the enrollment conditions section of the quarterly Schedule of Classes; courses 105, 110, 115, 120, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 100A are recommended as preparation. Enrollment limited to 10. May be repeated for credit. J. Tamkun

280U. Discussions on the Development of the Drosophila Embryo. F,W,S
Involves a two-hour weekly meeting in which the students discuss topics concerning the cell cycle, early embryonic development, and the cytoskeleton. These discussions critically evaluate ongoing research in this area. Material is drawn from student research and recently published journal articles. Students are also expected to meet individually with the instructor two hours weekly. In addition to a 3-5 page research proposal, each student gives two one-hour oral presentations. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. W. Sullivan

280V. Genetic Responses to Metal Ions. F,W,S
Focuses on metal ion responsive gene transcription regulation and regulated protein degradation in metal ion homeostasis. The importance of these cellular mechanisms in human health and heavy metal ion detoxification is discussed. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 281Z. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment limited to 18. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. (Formerly course 281Z.) May be repeated for credit. Z. Zhu

280W. Membrane Proteins (2 credits). F,W,S
Seminar on recent research on membrane proteins, with an emphasis on ion-pumping ATPase. Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. B. Bowman

280X. Concepts in Experimental Endocrinology. F,W,S
Meets twice a week for two hours each session. Participants are required to read scientific journals in their respective areas of interest in endocrinology, present the findings in detail, and show how they relate to their research using overheads and/or slides. Students make approximately four presentations per quarter. Active participation in all discussions is required. Prerequisite(s): course 113. Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. F. Talamantes

280Y. Developmental Neurobiology of C. elegans. F,W,S
An intensive seminar concerning molecular genetic analysis of neural development and plasticity of the nematode worm C. elegans. Participants are required to present results of their own research and to review relevant research. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 281J.) May be repeated for credit. Y. Jin

280Z. Cell Biology of Immune Response. F,W,S
Reading and critique of primary research articles and research in progress in immunology. Topics include biosynthesis and assembly of immunological effector molecules, enzymatic pathways involved in antigen processing, signal transduction via immunological effector molecules, and endocytosis and fate of endocytosed MHC molecules. Enrollment limited to 10. Enrollment restricted to graduate students in biology and biochemistry and molecular biology; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. M. Zúñiga

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281A. Topics in Basic and Applied Marine Ecology. F,W,S
Seminar focusing on concepts in basic and applied ecology. Structure rotates quarterly between graduate student research and readings of journal articles and textbooks. Enrollment limited to 10. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. M. Carr

281B. Topics in Molecular Evolution (2 credits). F,W,S
A discussion of current research and literature review on the subject of molecular evolution. Primary focus on recent results on molecular phylogenetics and molecular population genetics. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 280O.) May be repeated for credit. G. Bernardi

281C. Topics in Physiological Ecology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar focusing on the interaction between physiological constraint and life history options and solutions employed by animals. Topics vary from comparative physiology to ecological theory. Participants are required to present results of their own research or review papers of interest. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 280H.) May be repeated for credit. D. Costa

281D. Discussions in Population and Community Ecology (2 credits). F,W,S
Involves readings of current papers in population and community ecology of interest to the group, as well as manuscripts and grant proposals authored by student participants. Students will lead some discussions and participate in all meetings. May be repeated for credit. D. Doak

281F. Ecological Research Topics. F,W,S
Intensive research and discussions on plant-animal interactions. All students undertake a research project and meet weekly with the faculty sponsor to monitor progress. The group meets weekly to discuss experimental design and analysis, specific problems related to the students' research, relevant research papers, or manuscripts that the group members are writing. Each student gives a formal presentation of research plans or progress each quarter. Enrollment limited to 10. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 280F.) May be repeated for credit. L. Fox

281G. Molecular Biology of Algae (2 credits). F,W,S
An intensive seminar covering the major research being done in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary studies of algae. Recent research and publications in the field are discussed weekly. Students must participate in all reading discussions and present their own research at least once per quarter. Prerequisite(s): consent of the instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. (Formerly course 280C.) L. Goff

281J. Topics in Research on Biochemical Ecology. F,W,S
Seminar in which students give critically evaluated presentations regarding current research on selected topics in plant ecology with an emphasis on biochemical ecology. Enrollment limited to 12. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 280L.) May be repeated for credit. J. Langenheim

281L. Topics in Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar on selected topics in behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Students are expected to discuss the current literature and present literature reviews, research proposals, and preliminary results from their ongoing research. Enrollment limited to 10. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. B. Lyon

281N. Topics in Marine Vertebrate Ecology. F,W,S
Seminar on the ecology of marine vertebrates. Topics vary from the factors that explain the distribution of marine predators to island biogeography and the ecosystem effects of introduced vertebrates on islands. Enrollment limited to 12. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. May be repeated for credit. D. Croll

281O. Topics in Vertebrate Physiology (2 credits). F,W,S
Seminar and discussion of selected topics in mammalian and vertebrate physiology. Special attention is given to anatomical and physiological adaptation of aquatic vertebrates. Enrollment restricted to seniors and graduate students. (Formerly course 280Q.) May be repeated for credit. C. Ortiz

281P. Topics in Plant Population Ecology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar on selected topics in plant ecology and population biology. Students present results from their own research and discuss recent advances from the literature. Enrollment limited to 12. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission from instructor. May be repeated for credit. I. Parker

281Q. Topics in Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. F,W,S
An intensive seminar on selected topics in molecular evolutionary genetics. Students are required to present results from their own research projects, present a critical review paper at least once during the quarter, and submit a written research proposal. Enrollment limited to 10. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduate students may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 280P.) May be repeated for credit. G. Pogson

281R. Topics in Marine Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. F,W,S
An intensive seminar series focusing on fundamental concepts in marine ecology. Emphasis changes quarter to quarter. At least one quarter per year is devoted to discussion of graduate student research. Other quarters involve reading and evaluating current and classic literature on marine ecology and evolutionary biology. Enrollment limited to 10. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit. P. Raimondi

281S. Cellular and Organismal Responses to Toxicants. F,W,S
Intensive research seminar on the concepts, theory, and techniques in deriving physiologically based pharmacokinetic models of toxin exposure, metabolism, and efficacy of therapeutic treatment in mammalian models of human metal toxicity. (Also offered as Environmental Toxicology 281S. Students cannot receive credit for both courses.) Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly Topics in Toxicokinetic Modeling.) May be repeated for credit. D. Smith

281T. Species Interactions and Coevolution. F,W,S
The genetics and ecological structure of species interactions, and the role of coevolution between species in shaping biodiversity. Enrollment limited to 15. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. May be repeated for credit. J. Thompson

281U. Topics in Invertebrate Biology. F,W,S
An intensive study about concepts, theory, and techniques for graduate students conducting research on the ecology, genetics, evolution, systematics, or biodiversity of marine invertebrates. Enrollment limited to 15. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; advanced undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 280V.) May be repeated for credit. D. Potts

281V. Topics in Behavioral Ecology. F,W,S
A discussion of current topics and methods in behavioral ecology and life history evolution. Enrollment limited to 12. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 280V.) B. Sinervo

281W. Topics in Exercise and Environmental Physiology. F,W,S
A weekly seminar discussion on current research and techniques in mammalian exercise and environmental physiology. Areas covered include locomotor physiology, exercise testing and cardiovascular monitoring, and biomechanics. Oral presentation of ongoing research or current literature required from each student. Enrollment limited to 10. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. (Formerly course 280M.) T. Williams

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286. Experimental Design and Data Analysis. W
Focuses on problems and designs in ecology and population biology. Topics include basic experimental design; exploratory data analysis—from a graphical perspective; hands-on statistics; and graphical theory. Structured around a statistical analysis and graphics computer program to teach students to design their own surveys and experiments and analyze their data correctly. Prerequisite(s): one course in statistics or by permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. P. Raimondi

287L. Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory. F
An intensive molecular biology laboratory that presents procedures used in molecular and biotechnology research. Topics and procedures include DNA/RNA isolation, cloning and library construction, southern and northern hybridization, DNA fingerprinting, PCR, manual and automated sequencing, and computer methods for analyzing molecular data. New procedures currently being developed in biotechnology industries are presented by industry representatives. Students cannot receive credit for this course and course 116L or 187L. Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. Qualified advanced undergraduate students may enroll in course 187L. M. Zavanelli

289. Practice of Science. W
Examination of ethical and practical scientific issues, including the collection and treatment of data, attribution of credit, plagiarism, fraud, and peer review. Career issues, including how to apply for grants and positions in industry or academia, will be discussed. Prerequisite(s): courses 200A, 200B, and 200C or permission of instructor. Enrollment limited to 20. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; undergraduates may enroll with permission of the instructor. J. Tamkun

290. Proseminar.
Special topics offered from time to time by visiting professors or staff members. Enrollment restricted to graduate students; qualified undergraduates may enroll with permission of instructor. The Staff

291A-B. Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Seminar (no credit). F,W
Topics of current interest in molecular, cellular, and developmental biology are presented weekly by graduate students, faculty, and guest speakers. One course credit given in spring quarter by enrolling in course 291C. Multiple-term course; the grade and evaluation submitted for the final quarter apply to previous quarters. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

291C. Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Seminar (1 credit). S
Description in course 291A-B. Prerequisite(s): courses 291A-B. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

292. MCD Seminar. F,W,S
Various topics by weekly guest speakers. The Staff

293. Readings in Ecology and Evolution. W,S
Weekly readings and discussions of recent research papers in ecology, evolution, and related topics from organismal biology. Enrollment restricted to graduate students. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

294. Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Seminar (no credit). F,W,S
Selected topics of current interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists presented by weekly guest speakers. The Staff

296. Laboratory Research in Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology. F,W,S
Independent laboratory research in molecular, cellular, and developmental biology. Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. May be repeated for credit. The Staff

297. Independent Study. F,W,S
Independent study for graduate students who have not yet settled on a research area for their thesis. Prerequisite(s): petition on file with sponsoring agency. The Staff

299. Thesis Research. F,W,S
Prerequisite(s): petition on file with the sponsoring agency. The Staff

*Not offered in 2003-04